ABO subgroup studies in Korea

Abstract

Numerous examples of A or B subgroup alleles have been described in many geographical and ethnic groups. To analyse the phenotypic and genotypic basis of some ABO subgroups in Korea, a large-scale study was performed on 169 605 samples from Korean blood donors. The overall incidence of ABO subgroups was 0Á13% (227/169,605) in this donor population. Based on genotyping and/or serologic typing, the subgroups identified were as follows: A 2 B (n = 120), A 2 B 3 (n = 36), A 1 B 3 (n = 22), A 2 (n = 13), B 3 (n = 13), A int B 3 (n = 6) and others (n = 17). Amongst these individuals with ABO subgroups, 26Á4% (60/227) demonstrated a cis-AB01 allele. It has been reported that the Korean population has several unique ABO subgroups (Aw10, Aw14 and B306) showing allelic competition or allelic enhancement. Several congenital blood chimaeras have been also found when studying individuals with ABO subgroups. Like ABO subgroups showing the allelic enhancement and allelic competition, chimaerism is also an important cause of ABO phenotype-genotype discrepancies when implementing DNA-based blood grouping techniques. To understand the pattern of A and B antigen expression amongst donors with subtype alleles, flow cytometric analysis of ABO antigen expression on HeLa cells transfected with plasmids containing various mutants was used, in addition to ABO genotyping. ABO subgroup frequencies in KoreaThe human ABO blood group is determined by the ABO gene located on chromosome 9. This gene contains seven exons, of which the two largest exons (6 and 7) comprise 77% of the coding sequence of the gene and encode 91% of the catalytic domain. The gene encoding a glycosyltransferase (GT) can transfer either N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to create an A antigen (glycosyltransferase A, GTA) or galactose (Gal) to create a B antigen (glycosyltransferase B, GTB) to the acceptor H substance [1-4]. Of the common ABO alleles, A alleles (A101 and A201 are common alleles in Caucasians, but not in Asians; A102 is a common allele in Asians), B allele (B101) and O alleles (O01, O02 and O03; O03 is rare in Asians) have been reported [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In addition to the common ABO blood types, weak subgroup phenotypes (A 2 , A 3 , A x , A el , B 3 , B x , B(A) and cis-AB) have been identified [7]. It is well known that the phenotypic frequencies and genetic basis of ABO subgroups differ between ethnic regions. To analyse the ABO subgroup frequencies in Korea, a large-scale study was performed on 169 605 samples from Korean blood donors. The overall incidence of ABO subgroups was 0Á13% (227/169,605) in this donor population. Based on genotyping and/or serologic typing, the subgroups identified were as follows: A 2 B (n = 120), A 2 B 3 (n = 36), A 1 B 3 (n = 22), A 2 (n = 13), B 3 (n = 13), A int B 3 (n = 6), A w B (n = 5), A 1 B x or el (n = 5), A int (n = 2), A m or el (n = 2), A el (n = 2) and B m or x (n = 1) [12]. Cis-AB blood group in KoreaAmongst 0Á13% (227/169 605) ABO subgroups in the large-scale study of Korea, 26Á4% (60/227) had a cis-AB ...

Transfusion support in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

“…These ABO blood group antigens are not a prerequisite for T cell sensitization for the production of antibodies and are poor inducers of T cell-specific response [ 7 - 10 ]. ABO antibodies are mostly IgM or IgG, which are formed by extrafollicular B-1 cells, whereas antipeptide antibodies are formed by follicular B-2 cells [ 11 - 13 ].…”

CEBPA double mutations associated with ABO antigen weakness in hematologic diseases

“… 1 , 2 Weak ABO antigens may be attributed to ABO subgroups, such as A 3 , cis-AB, and so on, which were reported to comprise 0.05% to 0.13% of the Korean population. 3 , 4 Besides those ABO subgroups, pregnancy 1 and malignancies 5 , 6 also cause alteration of ABO antigen expression. Especially, among malignancies, hematologic malignancies have been known for their association with ABO antigen weakness.…”

Insights into the Rare cis-AB Blood Group: In Silico Genotyping and Analysis in the Indian Subcontinent

“…Although cisAB phenotype is reported to be globally rare, yet it is relatively common in East Asian populations including Koreans (0.0354%), Japanese (0.0012%) and Chinese (0.00066%) [2][3][4]. Depending on the co-inherited ABO allele, phenotypes of cisAB vary from typical A2B3 (when paired with an O allele), A2B (when paired with a B allele), and A1B3 (when paired with an A allele) to atypical AintB3, A1Bm, A1Bx [5]. ABO mistyping is often seen in cisAB patients and an inadvertent transfusion of AB type red cells to these patients can cause haemolytic transfusion reactions [6].…”