<scp>GTP</scp>
            ase
            <scp>ROP</scp>
            2 binds and promotes activation of target of rapamycin,
            <scp>TOR</scp>
            , in response to auxin

Schepetilnikov, Mikhail; Makarian, Joelle; Srour, Ola; Geldreich, Angèle; Yang, Zhenbiao; Chicher, Johana; Hammann, Philippe; Ryabova, Lyubov A.

doi:10.15252/embj.201694816

Cited by 168 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Currently, ATP-competitive inhibitors such as Torin-1 and the second-generation inhibitor AZD-8055 are used widely to block TOR in plants (Montané and Menand, 2013;Schepetilnikov et al, 2013Schepetilnikov et al, , 2017. Nowadays, Figure 1.…”

Section: Plant Tor Complex Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mTOR activation status can be monitored by following phosphorylation at Ser-2448, which is likely phosphorylated by S6K1, if TOR is active (Chiang and Abraham, 2005). The corresponding epitope within the C terminus of Arabidopsis TOR is phosphorylated at Ser-2424 in response to TOR activation (Schepetilnikov et al, 2013(Schepetilnikov et al, , 2017.…”

Section: Plant Tor Complex Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A growing body of evidence now demonstrates that TOR acts as an essential factor for auxin signal transduction in Arabidopsis (Schepetilnikov et al, 2013;Deng et al, 2016;Pu et al, 2017). Moreover, auxin was identified as a TOR upstream effector molecule (Schepetilnikov et al, 2013) that acts on TOR via activation of a small GTPase, ROP2 (Schepetilnikov et al, 2017). Indeed, auxin-treated plants, plants with high endogenous auxin accumulation, are characterized by increased levels of active TOR.…”

Section: Upstream Control Of Translation Via Tor Hormone Signaling Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, auxin-treated plants, plants with high endogenous auxin accumulation, are characterized by increased levels of active TOR. In addition, plants with high levels of active ROP2, including those expressing constitutively active ROP2 and ROP2-GTP-expressing Arabidopsis plants, display increased phosphorylation of TOR and S6K1 (Schepetilnikov et al, 2013(Schepetilnikov et al, , 2017Li et al, 2017). Accordingly, TOR inactivation leads to severe gravitropic defects, described as auxin-mediated responses.…”

Section: Upstream Control Of Translation Via Tor Hormone Signaling Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the auxin/ROP2/TOR signaling axis represents the most well-studied example of upstream TOR regulation in plants. Auxin-mediated activation of TOR drives translation of specific messages (Schepetilnikov et al, 2013(Schepetilnikov et al, , 2017, inhibits stressmediated autophagy (Pu et al, 2017), and, at a physiological level, promotes meristem activation . Based on the observed effects of auxin on TOR signaling activation, it was suggested that the auxin-TOR signaling axis regulates translation of the specific class of uORF-mRNAs in the cytoplasm (Schepetilnikov et al, 2013).…”

Section: Upstream Control Of Translation Via Tor Hormone Signaling Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Discoveries on the Role of TOR (Target of Rapamycin) Signaling in Translation in Plants

2017

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Protein synthesis is an intricate, energy-demanding, and tightly controlled process that plays a fundamental role in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase integrates stress-, nutrient-, and energy-related signals to optimize protein synthesis outputs. In mammals, TOR is a main controller of capped mRNA translation; how TOR participates in translation initiation in plants is unclear, but active TOR is required for regulation of translation of mRNA with 59-untranslated region (59-UTR) upstream open reading frames (uORFs)-known translation regulatory elements in eukaryotes. Recent data implicates diverse signals such as stress, hormones, and metabolites in regulation of TOR signal transduction pathways and, thus, in response to environmental stress. Here, we review current knowledge of plant TOR complex composition and activation, and its function in translation, compiling data on downstream processes that are under stringent control of TOR in mammals but not yet investigated in plants.Plants have evolved various adaptation mechanisms to ensure their optimal growth, with plant development and behavior being strongly responsive to various external and internal stimuli. By monitoring their environment, plants trigger signal transduction cascades in order to regulate downstream cellular processes, mainly via protein synthesis-a major energy-consuming process (Buttgereit and Brand, 1995). The TOR protein kinase integrates extracellular signals (hormones, biotic and abiotic stresses, growth factors) together with intracellular nutrient availability and energy status to control protein synthesis and other anabolic processes if conditions are favorable, and represses catabolic processes such as autophagy (Albert and Hall, 2015). The past 10 years has boosted research on plant TOR complex composition, highlighted TOR upstream signals and downstream targets, and revealed an interplay between TOR signaling and hormonal, stress, and other pathways in photosynthetic organisms. We are beginning to understand how TOR is activated, and how it controls many cellular processes, such as transcription, translation, and autophagy. Here, we give an overview of recent results on the role of TOR in plant translation control and draw the reader's attention to future questions to address. In plants, inactivation of TOR correlates with a decrease in total polysomal levels (Deprost et al., 2007;Schepetilnikov et al., 2011Schepetilnikov et al., , 2013, strongly suggesting a role for TOR in plant translation. Although a role for TOR in global translation in plants has been documented, the players and mechanisms used to influence different steps of translation initiation -the step most controlled by TOR in mammals-are only starting to emerge. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of specific plant translation initiation mechanisms that are controlled by 59-UTR elements of mRNAs and discuss regulation of these mechanisms by TOR/S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) signaling. Examples where TOR re...

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Section: Plant Tor Complex Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Tor Complex Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Upstream Control Of Translation Via Tor Hormone Signaling Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Upstream Control Of Translation Via Tor Hormone Signaling Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Upstream Control Of Translation Via Tor Hormone Signaling Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Recent Discoveries on the Role of TOR (Target of Rapamycin) Signaling in Translation in Plants

2017

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TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is modulated by cellular metabolic states

et al. 2020

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Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a sensor and a central integrator of internal and external metabolic cues. However, in algae and in higher plants, the components of TOR kinase signaling are yet to be characterized. Here, we establish an assay system to study TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using the phosphorylation status of its putative downstream target, CrS6K. Using this assay, we probe the modulation of cellular TOR kinase activity under various physiological states such as photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy, and nitrogen (N) starvation. Importantly, we uncover that excess acetate in the medium leads to high cellular reactive oxygen species levels, triggering autophagy and a concomitant drop in TOR kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, thus leading to a N-starvationlike cellular phenotype, even when nitrogen is present.

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Interactions between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways in plants

et al. 2022

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Autophagy is a conserved recycling process with important functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Phytohormones also play key roles in the regulation of some of the same processes. Increasing evidence indicates that a close relationship exists between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways, and the mechanisms of interaction between these pathways have begun to be revealed. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how autophagy regulates hormone signaling and, conversely, how hormones regulate the activity of autophagy, both in plant growth and development and in environmental stress responses. We highlight in particular recent mechanistic insights into the coordination between autophagy and signaling events controlled by the stress hormone abscisic acid and by the growth hormones brassinosteroid and cytokinin and briefly discuss potential connections between autophagy and other phytohormones.

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GTP ase ROP 2 binds and promotes activation of target of rapamycin, TOR , in response to auxin

Cited by 168 publications

References 70 publications

Recent Discoveries on the Role of TOR (Target of Rapamycin) Signaling in Translation in Plants

Recent Discoveries on the Role of TOR (Target of Rapamycin) Signaling in Translation in Plants

TOR kinase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is modulated by cellular metabolic states

Interactions between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways in plants

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