Panax ginseng modulates oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammations induced by silicon dioxide nanoparticles in rats

Abstract

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are extensively used in cosmetics, food, and drug delivery. The main mechanism of SiO2NPs toxicities depends on oxidative stress. Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is used in various medicinal applications because of its antioxidant efficiency. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the possible combated role of ginseng against SiO2NPs toxicity in rat liver. Thirty‐five male rats (160–180 g) were allocated into five groups of seven rats each, randomly. The first group was used as a control while groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were treated orally with ginseng (Gin; 75 mg/kg, 1/10 LD50), SiO2NPs, (200 mg/kg, 1/10 LD50), Gin + SiO2NPs (protection group), and SiO2NPs + Gin (therapeutic group) for 5 weeks, respectively. Treatment with SiO2NPs increased lipid peroxidation, liver function enzymes, and decreased antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) activity and non‐enzymatic antioxidant (GSH) level. SiO2NPs administration motivated liver apoptosis as revealed by the upregulation of the apoptotic genes, Bcl2‐associated x protein (Bax), and Beclin 1 and downregulation of the anti‐apoptotic gene, B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) as well as increase in DNA damage. Also, SiO2NPs administration caused inflammation as indicated by upregulation of the inflammation‐related genes (interleukin 1 beta [IL1β], tumor necrosis factor‐alpha [TNFα], nuclear factor kappa B [NFκB], cyclooxygenase 2 [Cox2], transforming growth factor‐beta 1 [TGFβ1]) as well as cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase of liver cells. Moreover, histopathological examination proved the biochemical and molecular perturbations occurred due to SiO2NPs toxicity. On the other hand, ginseng caused a significant modulation on the deleterious effects induced by SiO2NPs in rat liver. In conclusion, ginseng has a potent preventive effect than the therapeutic one and might be used in the treatment of SiO2NPs hepatotoxicity.

Avocado Seeds Relieve Oxidative Stress-Dependent Nephrotoxicity but Enhance Immunosuppression Induced by Cyclosporine in Rats

“…Similar results were obtained by Capasso et al [ 44 ]. Oxidative stress commences when the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overrides the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, causing damage to various cellular macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and DNA [ 31 , 45 , 46 ]. Elevation of renal MDA levels indicates oxidative damage to renal cell membranes, which are rich in lipids [ 33 , 47 ].…”

“…Comet assays were performed to determine DNA damage in kidneys following different treatments. This assay was carried out as previously described [ 31 ]. To obtain separate whole renal cells, fragments of renal tissue (5 mm cubes) were minced using a pair of scissors in chilled PBS supplemented with 54 mM EDTA, and the mixture was filtered using a nylon mesh with a diameter of 150 µm.…”

Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalis) Larval Extracts Induce Antiproliferative, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Migratory Effects on MCF7 Cells

“…In addition to these beneficial medicinal effects, insects are part of the common diet of at least two billion people in the world, as they contain high amounts of proteins and micronutrients [ 19 ]. Consumption of antioxidant-rich nutrients helps in preventing oxidative stress-induced diseases and cancer [ 5 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

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“…A substantial increase in serum hepatic enzymes ALT, ALP and AST indicates liver cell damage or breakage [22]. Increased or altered levels of these markers are associated with leakage of hepatocyte content from the liver cell membrane because these nanoparticles have the ability to cause damage to hepatocytes by oxidative stress or/and injury to organelles due to their size and structure that causes serious cytotoxicity [23]. This may explain the instability of liver function caused by MNPs.…”