Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery is the standard method for cholecystectomy, and pneumoperitoneum is performed either in a closed or open technique. However, exposure to the consequences of the port site may increase the patient's morbidity. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare both approaches in terms of complications at the port site of each procedure and potential risk factors.Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the department of surgery, in hospitals affiliated with Kirkuk and Diyala governorates in Iraq, from January 2019 to March 2022. The participating patients (200) were electively divided into two groups, each group comprising 100 patients. The pneumoperitoneum was established in the first group by an open technique (Hasson) while in the second group it was by using a closed technique (Veress needle). A comparison was made between the two techniques for intraoperative and postoperative complications that may have occurred due to port insertion up to 18 weeks.Results: According to the results, the highest percentage was for the following: females (84.0%), ages between 50 and 59 years (43.5%), and body mass index (BMI) range 25-30 kg/m 2 (49.0%). No significant difference was observed between those variables for the two surgical techniques (p-value > 0.05). No death was recorded in the study. Consequences at the port site were observed in 10.5% of patients, the majority reported in the open approach (8.5%) as follows: bleeding (3.0%), hematoma (2.0%), wound infection (1.5%), hernia (1.5%), and vascular injury (0.5%).Conclusions: Thus, we concluded that port site complications are lowest in closed laparoscopic surgery which was not shown to be statistically significant but values showed less complications. Furthermore, samples could be used to gain a good statistical significance.

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The penetration of nanotechnology into the medical world is constantly growing, and this raises concerns about its toxicity. This study aimed to illustrate the defense ability of Cichorium intybus (CI) against the nephrotoxicity induced by copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) in a rat model. 32 laboratory rats were evenly distributed into 4 groups, each containing 8 animals. CON rats did not receive any dosage, whereas, CuONPs animals were dosed with copper oxide nanoparticles. As for the CuONPs + CI group, intoxicated rats were dosed with Cichorium intybus extract. Lastly, CI rats were given C.intybus extract only. The parameters of renal function, oxidative stress, and renal histological changes were measured. Animals treated with CuONPs showed negative changes in all examined parameters of kidneys compared to the CON group. However, co-administration of plant extract with NPs showed a clear improvement effect of these toxic changes. We concluded that the high dose of CuONPs causes significant kidney damage, and CI extract has a defensive effect against this toxicity. Keywords: Nephrotoxicity, nanoparticles, oxidative stress, histological changes.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) represent the most important applications of nanotechnology in fields of medicine. The study aimed at clarifying their toxic effect, especially upon biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney functions of lab animals. Twenty-four healthy rats were distributed on 4 groups, each containing 6 rats. Control group included rats without any treatment, while GNPs group of mice were under intoxication with gold nanoparticles at a dosage of 50 μl/day for 7 days. As for the GNPs + BS group, intoxicated rats with GNPs were given oil of black seed at a dosage of 10 ml / kg. Finally, BS group included rats were under treatment of 1 ml/ kg of black seed oil. Serum levels of hepato-renal parameters including alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea, creatinine, and uric acid, were measured to detect impaired liver and kidneys functions. Rats treated with GNPs indicated a substantial (P < 0.05) increase in all these biomarkers levels contrasted to the group of control. Then, coadministration of black seed oil together with GNPs had a significant effect on reducing hepatorenal functions disorders. Thus, from these results, it can be concluded that the black seed oil has shown a defensive effect against the disturbances caused by GNPs in the liver and kidney functions of rats.

Recently, an emergency health problem erupted that worried the world, which is the black fungus infection associated with Covid-19, especially in India and some regions of the Middle East. The members of genus Rhizopus or Mucor resulted the common mucormycosis. Humans become infected by inhaling and depositing the spores of fungi in the tissues of the body. Rhinocerebral is the site most susceptible to infection . Several factors may have contributed to an increase in the incidence of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19, including hypoxia, steroid-induced elevated blood glucose levels, and diminished phagocytic action of leukocytes due to immunosuppression, and non-sterile medical supplies. In addition, there is an unsanitary phenomenon resorting to some people in India, it is smearing the body with cow dung and urine, which may have a role in the spread of the black fungus infection. Proper use of both the dose and duration of steroids is essential to avoid an increase in cases of mucormycosis, especially when caring for critically ill COVID-19 patients. Keywords : Black fungus, infection, health problem.