“…Additional studies that explore spillover effects within the insurance industry consider the direct comovement of stock returns across life insurers, PC insurers, and accident and health insurers-three distinct but related markets (Carson, Elyasiani, & Mansur, 2008). Adams & Jiang, 2017;Ames, Hines, & Sankara, 2018;He, Sommer, & Xie, 2011) and firm diversification (e.g., Ai, Bajtelsmit, & Wang, 2018;Elango, Ma, & Pope, 2008;Lee, 2017;Liebenberg & Sommer, 2008;Morris, Fier, & Liebenberg, 2017). Other studies examine performance within a specific line of business, such as automobile insurance (e.g., Bajtelsmit & Bouzouita, 1998;Weiss & Choi, 2008) or medical malpractice insurance (e.g., Born & Boyer, 2011;Lei & Schmit, 2010;Viscusi & Born, 2005).…”