Scrambled eyes? Disrupting scene structure impedes focal processing and increases bottom-up guidance

Foulsham, Tom; Alan, Rana; Kingstone, Alan

doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0158-y

Cited by 19 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Scrambling scenes destroys our ability to use our experience with scene structure, making perturbations more difficult to detect and ultimately resulting in less-efficient search. In that case, as in the unstructured search of Figure 2a, scene guidance is not possible, and the scan paths look similar to those of a radiologist in training (Fig 4a) (57).…”

Section: Development Of Expertise In Nonselective Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informatics in Radiology: What Can You See in a Single Glance and How Might This Guide Visual Search in Medical Images?

et al. 2013

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Diagnostic accuracy for radiologists is above that expected by chance when they are exposed to a chest radiograph for only one-fifth of a second, a period too brief for more than a single voluntary eye movement. How do radiologists glean information from a first glance at an image? It is thought that this expert impression of the gestalt of an image is related to the everyday, immediate visual understanding of the gist of a scene. Several high-speed mechanisms guide our search of complex images. Guidance by basic features (such as color) requires no learning, whereas guidance by complex scene properties is learned. It is probable that both hardwired guidance by basic features and learned guidance by scene structure become part of radiologists' expertise. Search in scenes may be best explained by a two-pathway model: Object recognition is performed via a selective pathway in which candidate targets must be individually selected for recognition. A second, nonselective pathway extracts information from global or statistical information without selecting specific objects. An appreciation of the role of nonselective processing may be particularly useful for understanding what separates novice from expert radiologists and could help establish new methods of physician training based on medical image perception.

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Section: Development Of Expertise In Nonselective Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informatics in Radiology: What Can You See in a Single Glance and How Might This Guide Visual Search in Medical Images?

et al. 2013

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“…Such discontinuity can also be introduced by taking a large single scene, dividing it into segments and randomly re-arranging them. This technique has been used previously on a number of occasions and is referred to as scrambling (Foulsham et al, 2011), jumbling (Varakin and Levin, 2008) and rearrangement (Sanocki et al, 2006). In this paper, we use the term “scrambling” to describe the method of shuffling sections of a scene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral biases when viewing multiplexed scenes: scene structure and frames of reference for inspection

2013

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Where people look when viewing a scene has been a much explored avenue of vision research (e.g., see Tatler, 2009). Current understanding of eye guidance suggests that a combination of high and low-level factors influence fixation selection (e.g., Torralba et al., 2006), but that there are also strong biases toward the center of an image (Tatler, 2007). However, situations where we view multiplexed scenes are becoming increasingly common, and it is unclear how visual inspection might be arranged when content lacks normal semantic or spatial structure. Here we use the central bias to examine how gaze behavior is organized in scenes that are presented in their normal format, or disrupted by scrambling the quadrants and separating them by space. In Experiment 1, scrambling scenes had the strongest influence on gaze allocation. Observers were highly biased by the quadrant center, although physical space did not enhance this bias. However, the center of the display still contributed to fixation selection above chance, and was most influential early in scene viewing. When the top left quadrant was held constant across all conditions in Experiment 2, fixation behavior was significantly influenced by the overall arrangement of the display, with fixations being biased toward the quadrant center when the other three quadrants were scrambled (despite the visual information in this quadrant being identical in all conditions). When scenes are scrambled into four quadrants and semantic contiguity is disrupted, observers no longer appear to view the content as a single scene (despite it consisting of the same visual information overall), but rather anchor visual inspection around the four separate “sub-scenes.” Moreover, the frame of reference that observers use when viewing the multiplex seems to change across viewing time: from an early bias toward the display center to a later bias toward quadrant centers.

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“…There was no effect of context on average saccade amplitude in Experiment 1. This measure may therefore reflect the visual content of the images, and suggests that there was no overall change in scanning (e.g., a shift from global to local attention like that found when participants view single, scrambled images; Foulsham, Alan & Kingstone, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reading Without Words: Eye Movements in the Comprehension of Comic Strips

Foulsham

Wybrow

Cohn³

2016

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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The study of attention in pictures is mostly limited to individual images. When we "read" a visual narrative (e.g., a comic strip), the pictures have a coherent sequence, but it is not known how this affects attention. In two experiments, we eyetracked participants in order to investigate how disrupting the visual sequence of a comic strip would affect attention.Both when panels were presented one at a time (Experiment 1) and when a sequence was presented all together (Experiment 2), pictures were understood more quickly and with fewer fixations when in their original order. When order was randomised, the same pictures required more attention and additional "regressions". Fixation distributions also differed when the narrative was intact, showing that context affects where we look. This reveals the role of top-down structures when we attend to pictorial information, as well as providing a springboard for applied research into attention within image sequences.3"

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Scrambled eyes? Disrupting scene structure impedes focal processing and increases bottom-up guidance

Cited by 19 publications

References 43 publications

Informatics in Radiology: What Can You See in a Single Glance and How Might This Guide Visual Search in Medical Images?

Informatics in Radiology: What Can You See in a Single Glance and How Might This Guide Visual Search in Medical Images?

Behavioral biases when viewing multiplexed scenes: scene structure and frames of reference for inspection

Reading Without Words: Eye Movements in the Comprehension of Comic Strips

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