Screening and determination of pesticides in soil using continuous subcritical water extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Richter, Pablo; Sepúlveda, Betsabet; Oliva, Rodrigo; Calderón, Katia Medina; Seguel, Rodrigo

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00496-5

Cited by 78 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This technique has been successfully applied to the extraction of dioxin (Hashimoto et al, 2004), pesticide (Richter et al, 2003) and PAHs (Dadkhah and Akgerman, 2002) from contaminated soils. The use of SC water for the extraction of essential oils from natural products has also been proposed (Ozela et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel process utilizing subcritical water and nitrilotriacetic acid to extract hazardous elements from MSW incinerator fly ash

Zhang

Itoh

2006

Science of The Total Environment

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel process utilizing subcritical water and nitrilotriacetic acid to extract hazardous elements from MSW incinerator fly ash

Zhang

Itoh

2006

Science of The Total Environment

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“…One should note that, since water is not a GC-compatible solvent, after SHWE the analytes in the extract must be transferred to a GC-compatible medium, e.g., by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [15], or by solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) or stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [16].…”

Section: Subcritical Hot-water Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As regards SHWE, Richter et al [15] reported the determination of pesticides in soil using continuous SHWE (270°C, 8.2 MPa, 2 mL min -1 , 90 min). The pesticides in the aqueous extract were quantitatively transferred by LLE with dichloromethane and injected into a GC-MS system.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis

Koning¹,

Janssen

Brinkman

2009

Chroma

122

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Today, a wide variety of techniques is available for the preparation of (semi-) solid, liquid and gaseous samples, prior to their instrumental analysis by means of capillary gas chromatography (GC) or, increasingly, comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC 9 GC). In the past two decades, a large number of 'modern' sample-preparation techniques has been introduced, which have partly superseded their 'classical' counterparts. These novel techniques include off-line and on-line (sometimes semi-or fully automated) procedures, and exhaustive extraction as well as equilibrium techniques. In order to improve overall performance, aspects such as essentially organic solvent-less approaches, large-volume injection and miniaturization receive increasing attention. In most recent applications, mass spectrometric or element-selective detection have been used. The present review discusses the advantages and disadvantages, and relative performance, of most of the modern samplepreparation techniques and cites a number of illustrative applications for each of them.

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“…Traditionally, water is not considered a suitable extraction fluid for non-polar or organic compounds at ambient temperature [15]. When the temperature of water is raised, there is a steady decrease in its permittivity, viscosity and surface tension coupled to an increase in its diffusivity characteristics [16]. With enough pressure to maintain water in the liquid phase at elevated temperature, the initial value of the dielectric constant (e) of 80 at 25°C decreases to 27 at 250°C and 50 bar [17], which falls between those of methanol (e = 33) and ethanol (e = 24) at 25°C [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Template Removal from Molecularly Imprinted Polymers by Pressurized Hot Water Extraction

et al. 2011

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An optimal extraction method for the removal of templates from molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is presented. The extraction method is based on pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). PHWE was evaluated by application to three distinctly colored MIPs for chlorophyll (green), quercetin (yellow) and phthalocynine (dark blue) with subsequent monitoring of template removal and template bleeding by an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The templates were washed-off and the extraction efficiency (EE) was compared to that of soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction methods. PHWE employed hot water at an optimal temperature of 220°C, pressure of 50 bars and flow rate of 2 mL min -1 to thoroughly wash-off the respective templates from their MIPs. The EE evaluated for PHWE was over 99.6% for all the MIPs with no subsequent or minimal template bleeding (\0.01%). The washing procedure was simple and relatively fast as it was achieved in 70 min at the most. At 95% confidence level (n = 3), soxhlet and ultrasonic recorded EE that was not significantly different (\94.5% in all cases) from that of PHWE ([99.6% in all cases). Soxhlet and ultrasonic had washing procedures that were slower (over 18 h) and employed large quantities (400 mL) of organic solvents modified with acids. The percentage relative standard deviations (%RSD) for the EE and recovery results were less than 2.3% in all cases indicating the high reproducibility of the method. Overall, the three methods performed comparably in extracting templates. PHWE seems to be the method of choice as it employed water which poses no environmental threat.

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Screening and determination of pesticides in soil using continuous subcritical water extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 78 publications

References 25 publications

A novel process utilizing subcritical water and nitrilotriacetic acid to extract hazardous elements from MSW incinerator fly ash

A novel process utilizing subcritical water and nitrilotriacetic acid to extract hazardous elements from MSW incinerator fly ash

Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis

Optimal Template Removal from Molecularly Imprinted Polymers by Pressurized Hot Water Extraction

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