Screening Bioactivity of Kersen Fruits (Muntingia calabura L.) as a Sunscreens Candidate

Abstract

Kersen (Muntingia calabura L) fruits have the potential to be used as an active ingredient in sunscreens because of phenolic and flavonoid content that can absorb UV rays. This study aims to determine the percentage of erythema/pigmentation transmission and SPF value as parameters for sunscreen activity. Kersen fruits were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol. The ethanol extract of Kersen Fruits was also fractionated to separate the components of the active compounds based on the polarity level using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. The test was carried out using the in vitro method by measuring the ability of the material to absorb ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 292.5-372.5 nm. This research was conducted at concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 µg/mL for ethanol, lyophilisate, n-hexane, and ethanol fractions, while the ethyl acetate fraction concentrations are 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 µg/mL. The results showed the best value at the ethyl acetate fraction concentration of 250 µg/mL with % Te of 5.28 and % Tp of 28.65 and the SPF value of 16.54. Based on the % Te and Tp, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited protection against erythema and pigmentation with the category of extra protection and based on the SPF value with the category of ultra protection.

Antioxidant activity profile of extract and fraction of kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) fruits prepared by different methods

“…The tests carried out in this study used various antioxidant testing methods, namely hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, β-carotene bleaching, and iron chelating agents. According to [8,19], the process of neutralizing free radicals with antioxidants is based on the presence of a hydrogen atom transfer reaction (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) so that it can neutralize free radicals by two critical mechanisms, namely first, the presence of chain termination by primary antioxidants that can donate electrons to free radicals. Meanwhile, the second mechanism is removing the initiator of the ROS/RNS species by breaking the chain catalyst.…”

“…One of the plants that have the potential as an antioxidant is kersen fruit. Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) is a plant that has an antioxidant effect [8,9]. Previous research has shown that kersen contains phenols and flavonoids.…”

“…In addition, Kersen fruit contains phenolic compounds related to its antioxidant capacity, among others. Gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, flavanol, naringenin, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chloric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, and myricetin [10,11] and has antimicrobial activity [12,13], anti-aging [8], anti-inflammatory [14] and based on research [8] it has been reported that Kersen fruit has antioxidant activity in reducing DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP radicals from Kersen fruit extract with IC50 values of 20.61 µg/mL, 11.17 µg/mL, and 1.89 µg/mL in the ethyl acetate fraction had a vigorous antioxidant activity with an IC50 value < 50 µg/mL while the hexane fraction had a weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value > 150 µg/mL in reducing DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP radicals.…”

Comparative study of antioxidant effect from extract and fraction of ‘Paku Atai Merah’ (Angiopteris ferox Coupel)

“…Percent inhibition (%) of each sample can be calculated based on equation 1. % =[(Ao-As)/Ao]x 100% …………………………………………………………………………… (1) where AO is the negative control absorbance and As is the extract/standard absorbance.…”

“…Free radicals are molecules that do not have an electron pair in their outer orbital. Increased exposure to free radicals in the body is a significant factor in the increase in sufferers of degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, cancer, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's, and several other degenerative diseases [1]. In general, exposure to minimal amounts of free radicals can be stabilized by endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate 2nd International Conference on Tropical Wetland Biodiversity and Conservation IOP Conf.…”