Screening for cervical carcinoma

Abstract

In 1954, John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.”53, 70 This discovery provided for the first time opportunities to produce both inactivated and live polio vaccines. By searching previously sealed Nobel Committee archives, we were able to review the deliberations that led to the award. It appears that Sven Gard, who was Professor of Virus Research at the Karolinska Institute and an adjunct member of the Nobel Committee at the time, played a major role in the events leading to the awarding of the Prize. It appears that Gard persuaded the College of Teachers at the Institute to decide not to follow the recommendation by their Nobel Committee to give the Prize to Vincent du Vigneaud. Another peculiar feature of the 1954 Prize is that Weller and Robbins were included based on only two nominations submitted for the first time that year. In his speech at the Nobel Prize ceremony, Gard mentioned the importance of the discovery for the future production of vaccines, but emphasized the implications of this work for growing many different, medically important viruses. We can only speculate on why later nominations highlighting the contributions of scientists such as Jonas Salk, Hilary Koprowski, and Albert Sabin in the development of poliovirus vaccines have not been recognized by a Nobel Prize. Ann Neurol 2007;61:385–395

The effect of video information on anxiety levels in women attending colposcopy: a randomized controlled trial

“…Direct referral indications for colposcopy in the Netherlands are moderate dyskaryosis or worse (equaling high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). Furthermore, women with two consecutive smears with [1] abnormal squamous cells of undetermined significance or with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and [2] a positive hrHPV test were referred for colposcopy.…”

“…About 77% of the invited women participate in the national program for cervical screening every year [1]. At present, 1-2% of the cervical smears require referral for colposcopy at the gynecologist's [2]. However, with the introduction of detection of primary highrisk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) on the cervical smear in 2017, this referral rate is expected to double [3].…”

Factors associated with cervical cancer screening participation among immigrants of Russian, Somali and Kurdish origin: a population-based study in Finland

“…Other barriers are poor language proficiency, lack of trust in healthcare services, experiences of discrimination [15, 16], perceived embarrassment or anxiety with Pap test procedures, or Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) experiences [17]. Factors such as higher education level, being married or in common law relationship, younger age of migration and longer stay in the host country [9, 11, 18, 19], being employed, having given birth, and higher number of family members, [20–23] increase the likelihood of screening participation among immigrants.…”

Vaginal high-risk human papillomavirus infection in a cross-sectional study among women of six different ethnicities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: the HELIUS study

“…In the Netherlands, these health disparities are also observed:4 5 women born in Morocco, Surinam, Aruba/Netherlands Antilles and Indonesia have a higher cervical cancer incidence compared with the Dutch population. Possible reasons for these differences, which are not mutually exclusive, are (A) differences in (sexual) risk behaviour;6–9 (B) differences in participation in the cervical cancer screening programme;10 11 (C) differences in high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) prevalence,12 the distribution of hrHPV types13 14 or clearance of hrHPV;15 and/or (D) a reflection of the higher incidence of cervical cancer in their home country 5 16…”