Screening for lead exposure in children in Belize

Charalambous, Andreas; Demoliou, Katie; Mendez, Marco; Coye, Robert D.; Solorzano, Giovanni; Papanastasiou, Elena C.

doi:10.1590/s1020-49892009000100007

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The BLL mean (7.9 ± 5.4 µg/dL) determined in the children participating in this research by LCS was 38 % higher than that found in Belizean children of 4.9 ± 2.5 µg/dL (Charalambous et al 2009). The BLL in the general population frequently is lower than that found in populations with environmental or occupational exposure to this compound.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…In a population exposed to emissions from a lead smelter and artisanal battery recycling plant it was found that 80 % of children have concentrations higher than 10 µg/dL (Charalambous et al 2009), in the same industrial sector, but in the city of Avalos, Chihuahua, this percentage was 34 % (Flores-Ramírez et al 2012). Twenty and twelve percent of children living near a metallurgical (copper smelting and electrolytic zinc smelting) and mining-metallurgical area, as well as 15 % of potter children in the Trinidad Tenexyecac, Tlaxcala, were assigned to the category II of the Mexican regulation (Flores-Ramírez et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lead Exposure: Pottery Impact in Tlaxcala, Mexico

Ortiz-Ortiz

García-Nieto

Juárez-Santacruz

et al. 2017

Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie.

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The objective of this work was to assess the blood lead level in paired samples of pottery-glaze workers to confirm the LeadCare ® II System (LCS) reliability using this device in the general population, and quantify this metal in cooked food in lead-glazed containers. The blood lead measurement in pottery-glaze workers was carried out by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and the LCS. this last method was also used in the general population. The food lead level was quantified through GFAAS. The paired data showed a significant correlation (r = 0.976, p < 0.001), a mean difference of 3.3 µg/dL with limits of agreement between -2.4 to 9 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.928. These results indicate a good concordance between both methods. The blood lead median of 32.0 µg/dL and interquartile range (IQR) of 16.1 was higher in the pottery-glaze workers than in the general population (children = 5.4 µg/dL, IQR = 5.9 and adults = 8.3 µg/dL, IQR = 2.7). Lead in food exceeded the maximum level considered in the Codex alimentarius. Pottery persists as a potential risk in the Tlaxcala State population.Palabras clave: sangre, alimentos, alfareros, niños, sistema LeadCare II RESUMENEl objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el nivel de plomo sanguíneo en muestras pareadas de alfareros para confirmar la confiabilidad del sistema LeadCare II (SLC) empleando este dispositivo en la población general, y cuantificar este metal en alimentos cocinados en recipientes de barro vidriado. La medición de plomo en sangre de los alfareros, se realizó por espectrometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito (EAAHG) y el SLC, este último método fue utilizado también en la población general. El nivel de plomo en alimentos fue cuantificado por EAAHG. Los datos pareados mostraron una correlación significativa (r = 0.976, p < 0.001), una diferencia media de 3.3 µg/dL Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 33 (1) 57-64, 2017 DOI: 10.20937/RICA.2017 E. Ortiz-Ortiz et al. 58con límites de concordancia de -2.4 a 9 y un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0.928; esos resultados indican concordancia entre los métodos. La mediana de plomo sanguíneo de 32.0 µg/dL y el rango intercuartílico (RIC) de 16.1 fue superior en los alfareros que en la población general (niños = 5.4 µg/dL, RIC = 5.9 y adultos = 8.3 µg/dL, RIC = 2.7). La concentración de plomo en el alimento superó el nivel máximo que contempla el Codex alimentarius. La alfarería persiste como un riesgo potencial en la población Tlaxcalteca.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Exposure: Pottery Impact in Tlaxcala, Mexico

Ortiz-Ortiz

García-Nieto

Juárez-Santacruz

et al. 2017

Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie.

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“…With respect to age, studies have shown that younger children are at greater risk of presenting elevated BLL [9,10,13], especially infants aged <2 years, probably related to the infants' close contact with the environment, hand-to-mouth contact and predisposition to pica [4,14]. However, in this respect, Charalambous et al [38] found no significant differences. Our own bivariate analysis showed that the group aged 12-16 years had the highest BLL and the highest prevalence of toxic BLL (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies, too, have associated low socioeconomic status with jobs presenting an increased risk of lead exposure [41]. Moreover, undocumented immigrants have more difficulty choosing work, and this factor can push them towards occupations where the exposure to lead may be greater [12], working as mechanics, possibly handling lead batteries, or in contact with lead-contaminated soil or materials [38]. The lead that is handled at work may subsequently be transported into the worker's home, exposing family members to the same risk [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Level in a Paediatric Population of South-Eastern Spain and Associated Risk Factors

Ruiz-Tudela

Vázquez-López

García-Escobar

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Objective: To determine blood lead levels (BLL) in a healthy paediatric population and to analyse related sociodemographic, dietary and haematological factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was made of 1427 healthy subjects aged 1–16 years from the city of Almería (south-eastern Spain). BLL, iron parameters and erythropoietin were determined, and sociodemographic and dietary data obtained. The study paramateters was analyses in BLL toxic and BLL no toxic group by multiple logistic regression. Results: The mean BLL was 1.98 ± 1.1 µg/dL (95% CI:1.91–2.04). For 5.7% of the population, mean BLL was 2–5 µg/dL, for 2.1% it was >5 µg/dL and for 0.15% it was >10 µg/dL. Multivariate analysis showed that immigrant origin (OR:11.9; p < 0.0001), low level of parental education (OR:4.6; p < 0.02) and low dietary iron bioavailability (OR: 3.2; p < 0.02) were all risk factors for toxic BLL. Subjects with toxic and non-toxic BLL presented similar iron and erythropoiesis-related parameters, except erythrocyte protoporphyrin, which was significantly higher in the BLL >5 µg/dL group. Conclusions: BLL and the prevalence of toxic BLL in healthy subjects aged 1–16 years living in south-eastern Spain are low and similar to those found in other developed countries. The factors associated with toxic BLL are immigrant origin, low level of parental education and dietary iron deficiency. The toxicity of BLL was not related to changes in the analytical parameters studied.

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“…Un efecto poco explorado, en relación con la exposición a niveles de plomo en sangre bajo 10 µg/dl, es el rendimiento escolar, que se ha estudiado a través de las calificaciones, entrevistas con padres o apoderados e informes de conducta entregados por las escuelas (Leal-Escalante et al, 2007, Charalambous et al, 2009, Chiodo et al, 2007, Wang et al, 2002.…”

Section: Pág 27unclassified