Screening for Prostate Cancer - More Questions than Answers

Rietbergen, John; Schröder, Fritz H.

doi:10.1080/028418698430214

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…Prostate cancer became the most frequently diagnosed cancer in males after an important increase in detection, notably in relation with the development of screening by serum Prostate‐Specific Antigen assay (PSA) and digital rectal examination 2–56 the problems linked to the uncertainties concerning treatment indications in the early stages of the disease6–8 and the fact that this screening has not proved effective in terms of public health 9, 10. To our knowledge, only 1 randomized study has been published on the effect on mortality of mass screening for prostate cancer11 in which the authors found a decrease of 67.1% in prostate cancer mortality in the screened group compared with the control group.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact fracture behavior of ethylene ionomer and structural change after stretching

Akimoto

Kanazawa

Yamada

et al. 2001

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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We carried out tensile impact test and very low speed tensile test on ethylene‐based Ionomers (E/15wt %MAA) to clarify the relation between impact toughness and high‐ordered structure. We also studied the changes in high‐ordered structure under deformation by observing Differential Scanning Calorimetory (DSC) and Small‐Angle X‐ray Scattering (SAXS) of fractured surface. Na Ionomers showed ductile fracture in both high speed tensile impact (3 m/s) and very low speed tensile (2 mm/min). The disappearance of secondary melting point (Ti) in Na Ionomers was due to the destruction of ordered structure surrounding the ionic aggregate. Similar behavior was observed in 60% (or less) neutralized Zn Ionomers. However, 80% neutralized Zn Ionomer showed brittle failure in high‐speed tensile impact, and Ti did not disappear. SAXS studies of Na and Zn Ionomers after fracture, show no change both after molding (no aging) and after aging. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1712–1720, 2001

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confidence: 99%

Impact fracture behavior of ethylene ionomer and structural change after stretching

Akimoto

Kanazawa

Yamada

et al. 2001

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is one of the most used blood biomarkers. In individual patients with newly detected or recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) and for disease monitoring, PSA is a cornerstone of risk stratification [ 1 , 2 ]. PSA is also used for the screening of PCa [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Prediction of Overall Survival by Thymidine Kinase 1 Combined with Prostate-Specific Antigen in Men with Prostate Cancer

Tribukait

Lundgren

Kjellman

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an intracellular enzyme involved in DNA-precursor synthesis. Increased serum TK1 levels are used as a biomarker in various malignancies. We combined serum TK1 with PSA and evaluated its capacity to predict overall survival (OS) in 175 men with prostate cancer (PCa), detected by screening in 1988–1989 (n = 52) and during follow-up (median 22.6 years) (n = 123). TK1 was measured in frozen serum, age was stratified into four groups, and dates of PCa diagnosis and dates of death were obtained from Swedish population-based registries. The median concentration of TK1 and PSA was 0.25 and 3.8 ng/ml. TK1 was an independent variable of OS. In the multivariate analysis, PSA was not statistically significant in combination with age whereas the significance remained for TK1 + PSA. Measured once, TK1 + PSA predicted a difference of up to 10 years (depending on patient subgroup) in OS at a median of 9 years before PCa diagnosis. The TK1 concentration in 193 controls without malignancies did not differ from that of the PCa patients, hence TK1 was likely not released from incidental PCa. Thus, TK1 in the blood circulation may indicate the release of TK1 from sources other than cancers, nonetheless associated with OS.

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“…[2][3][4][5] This screening remains controversial for several reasons: the main reasons are incomplete knowledge regarding the natural history of this disease, 6 the problems linked to the uncertainties concerning treatment indications in the early stages of the disease 6 -8 and the fact that this screening has not proved effective in terms of public health. 9,10 To our knowledge, only 1 randomized study has been published on the effect on mortality of mass screening for prostate cancer 11 in which the authors found a decrease of 67.1% in prostate cancer mortality in the screened group compared with the control group. This study has been largely criticized because of the low participation rate in the screened group, which leads the authors not to analyse results in intent-to-screen.…”

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Incidence and mortality trends for prostate cancer in 5 French areas from 1982 to 1996

Chirpaz

Colonna²,

Ménegoz³

et al. 2001

Intl Journal of Cancer

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After an increase in the 1980s, incidence and mortality for prostate cancer in North America or England and Wales started to decrease in the early 1990s. The reasons for this evolution are widely debated, notably the importance of early detection. This study describes trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in 5 areas in France, where practices of early detection for this cancer are widely used. The 5 French administrative areas, covered by a population-based registry, have a total population of approximately 1,700,000 men. Incidence data from these registries were studied for the period 1982-1995, and mortality data were provided by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) for the period 1982-1996. Age-Period-Cohort models by Poisson regression were created to characterize these trends. Between 1982 and 1995, 14,699 cases of prostate cancer were registered by the 5 registries under consideration. After a little intensification of the increase in 1987, undoubtedly due to early detection (notably using ProstateSpecific Antigen), the trend of the incidence seems to reverse from 1993. Mortality increased monotonically from 1982-1990 by an average of 1.8% per year, before decreasing annually by an average of 3.3% until 1996. Poisson regressions indicated a period effect on both incidence and mortality data; a small, but significant, cohort effect exists for incidence evolution, showing that elements such as etiologic factors may have an influence. Until results of randomized studies on mass screening are available, the question of individual screening remains; improved knowledge of risk factors could be interesting.

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Screening for Prostate Cancer - More Questions than Answers

Cited by 9 publications

References 148 publications

Impact fracture behavior of ethylene ionomer and structural change after stretching

Impact fracture behavior of ethylene ionomer and structural change after stretching

Prediction of Overall Survival by Thymidine Kinase 1 Combined with Prostate-Specific Antigen in Men with Prostate Cancer

Incidence and mortality trends for prostate cancer in 5 French areas from 1982 to 1996

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