Screening of Bioactive Metabolites and Biological Activities of Calli, Shoots, and Seedlings of Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray

Abstract

Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray is threatened with extinction owing to climate change, poor seed germination, and ocean warming. In vitro explant-culture is used for ex situ preservation and plantlet massive production. In vitro cell and organ cultures serve as an alternative plant material source to investigate the biological activities and phytochemical profiles of rare plants. We aimed to develop an efficient callus and shoot production protocol and investigate bioactive metabolites, antioxidants, and enzyme inhibitory potential of M. maritima calli, shoots, and in vivo seedlings. The effects of combinations of different plant growth regulators, 6-BA (N6-benzyladenine), 6-KN (Kinetin), TDZ (Thidiazuron), and NAA (1-Naphthylacetic acid), in MS (Murashige and Skoog) nutrient medium were studied. The highest callus proliferation was obtained after 5-week cultivation over a 16-h photoperiod on growth medium MS enriched with 4 µM each of 6-BA and NAA. The medium with 2 µM 6-BA and 4 µM 6-KN had the best shoot induction rate (91.1%) with a mean of 13.4 shoots. The combination of two cytokinins (6-BA and 6-KN) was found to be effective in M. maritima shoot regeneration. The rooting frequency was 100% in ½ MS with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA 2 µM). The number of detected compounds and chemical composition in the M. maritima shoots and seedlings extracts were similar. The total amount of phenolics in the shoots was 216.4% and 369.5% higher than in seedlings and calli, respectively. The total amount of flavonoids in the shoots was 241.1% and 429.3% higher than in seedlings and calli, respectively. The best antioxidant activity was obtained in the shoots, followed by seedlings and calli. However, the order was seedlings > calli > shoots regarding metal chelating ability. The strongest acetylcholinesterase inhibition properties were obtained in the calli, followed by seedlings and shoots. However, the tested samples can be ranked as seedlings > shoots > calli in butylcholinestrase inhibition assay. This study is the first report on the enzyme inhibitory effects of M. maritima extracts, providing valuable contributions to the scientific community.

Establishment of a Rapid Micropropagation System for Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts and Evaluation of Biological Activities

“…In vitro micropropagation is an effective and applicable method for preserving biodiversity and mass production of important plants [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. The surface disinfection of in vivo plant materials is a prerequisite for initiating in vitro plant cultures.…”

“…The addition of 6-BA, 6-furfuryladenine (6-KN), or Thidiazuron (TDZ) at 1–12 µM increased the rate of regeneration, number of shoots per K. parviflora rhizome bud, and number of roots per shoot. Cytokinins are important PGRs that can promote axillary shoot multiplication [ 29 , 31 , 40 ], somatic embryogenesis [ 41 ], and adventitious shoot regeneration [ 42 ] in numerous plants. However, the application of cytokinin often adversely affects in vitro rhizogenesis [ 31 ].…”

“…Cytokinins are important PGRs that can promote axillary shoot multiplication [ 29 , 31 , 40 ], somatic embryogenesis [ 41 ], and adventitious shoot regeneration [ 42 ] in numerous plants. However, the application of cytokinin often adversely affects in vitro rhizogenesis [ 31 ]. In this study, simultaneous regeneration of both shoots and roots was attained using medium MS even with a high cytokinin level.…”

“…In general, auxin is often included in a rooting medium to induce rhizogenesis of cultured shoots. IBA is a notable auxin that can stimulate rhizogenesis of diverse plant species [ 29 , 31 , 40 ]. Therefore, shoot buds (4 weeks old) were transferred to basal medium MS added with IBA (0–12 µM) to induce and develop roots.…”

The Metabolite Profile in Culture Supernatant of Aster yomena Callus and Its Anti-Photoaging Effect in Skin Cells Exposed to UVB

“…Many studies have reported that plants can produce various secondary metabolites as natural antioxidants (including flavonoids and isoflavones, etc.) to protect the skin from photoaging [ 29 , 30 ]. Thus, we identified metabolites that may be correlated with their pharmacological activities in AYC-CS-E derived from A. yomena roots.…”