Screening of new Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 and its disease resistance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Abstract

In recent years, with the development of aquaculture, the mode of high-density and intensive culture has been widely used. At the same time, the risk of fish disease has increased. Studies have shown that viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites are the main causes of fish diseases, with bacterial diseases accounting for the highest proportion and causing the greatest losses (Garrido-Olvera et al., 2022;

Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria: A Review

“…Many bacteria are capable of synthesizing levan, including Gram-negative bacteria of the class Alphaproteobacteria , Acetobacter , Gluconobacter [ 224 , 225 , 226 ], Komagataeibacter ( Gluconacetobacter ) [ 227 ], and Zymomonas [ 228 , 229 , 230 ] genera, and those of the class Gammaproteobacteria , Pseudomonas [ 231 ], Halomonas [ 232 , 233 ], and Erwinia [ 234 ] genera, as well as Gram-positive bacteria of the class Bacilli : Bacillus [ 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 ], Paenibacillus [ 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 ], Lactobacillus [ 261 ], Leuconostoc [ 262 ] genera, etc. Currently, more than 100 bacteria species have been shown to produce levan [ 222 ].…”

“…Currently, more than 100 bacteria species have been shown to produce levan [ 222 ]. The most studied levan producers among Gram-positive bacteria are the species of the class Bacilli including Bacillus subtilis [ 243 , 244 , 245 ], Bacillus licheniformis [ 241 ], Paenibacillus polymyxa [ 246 , 248 , 250 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 ], Lactobacillus reuteri [ 261 ], Leuconostoc citreum [ 262 ], and others. These bacteria were isolated from different sources.…”

“…The P. lautus strain was isolated from Obsidian Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park [ 247 ]. A new strain of P. polymyxa S3 with an antagonistic effect on 11 major fish pathogens was screened from the sediment of fishponds [ 248 ]. P. antarcticus IPAC21, the psychrotolerant bioemulsifier levan-producing strain, was isolated from the soil collected in Ipanema, King George Island, Antarctica [ 249 ].…”