Sea-Tower Measurements of Wind-Wave Spectra in the Caspian Sea

Leykin, Igor; Rozenberg, A. D.

doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1984)014<0168:stmoww>2.0.co;2

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…This spectrum agrees with many experimental observations (Toba 1972, Kahma 1981, Leykin and Rozenberg 1984, Donelan et al 1985, Hwang et al 2000. In addition, Zakharov (2002) was able to reproduce known growth curves of wave integral properties as analytical solutions on the basis of the theory of weak turbulence.…”

Section: Ds Ssupporting

confidence: 85%

Wave modelling – The state of the art

Cavaleri¹,

Alves²,

Ardhuin³

et al. 2007

Progress in Oceanography

460

177

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This paper is the product of the wave modelling community and it tries to make a picture of the present situation in this branch of science, exploring the previous and the most recent results and looking ahead towards the solution of the problems we presently face. Both theory and applications are considered.The many faces of the subject imply separate discussions. This is reflected into the single sections, seven of them, each dealing with a specific topic, the whole providing a broad and solid overview of the present state of the art. After an introduction framing the problem and the approach we followed, we deal in sequence with the following subjects: (Section) 2, generation by wind; 3, non-linear interactions in deep water; 4, white-capping dissipation; 5, non-linear interactions in shallow water; 6, dissipation at the sea bottom; 7, wave propagation; 8, numerics. The two final sections, 9 and 10, summarize the present situation from a general point of view and try to look at the future developments. Keywords

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Section: Ds Ssupporting

confidence: 85%

Wave modelling – The state of the art

Cavaleri¹,

Alves²,

Ardhuin³

et al. 2007

Progress in Oceanography

460

177

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The PM spectrum does actually not apply to capillary and ultra-gravity waves that are most important in terms of light field variability (at least near the surface); the validity of such a long-wave spectrum is limited to wavenumbers up to approximately 10 times its spectral peak k p (e.g. Leykin and Rozenberg, 1984;Elfouhaily et al, 2009). Over the open ocean, sea states are very often influenced or even dominated by swells (e.g.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Applied Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The issue is addressed by insertion of an intermediate function into the spectrum that approximately fits to observations (e.g. Leykin and Rozenberg, 1984;Donelan et al, 1985;Jähne and Riemer, 1990). All wave profiles under consideration are 600 m long with a horizontal resolution dx of 0.1 mm.…”

Section: Description Of the Sea Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

On the influence of wind and waves on underwater irradiance fluctuations

Hieronymi

Macke

2012

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. The influence of various wind and wave conditions on the variability of downwelling irradiance E d (490 nm) in water is subject of this study. The work is based on a two-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer model with high spatial resolution. The model assumes conditions that are ideal for wave focusing, thus simulation results reveal the upper limit for light fluctuations. Local wind primarily determines the steepness of capillary-gravity waves which in turn dominate the irradiance variability near the surface. Down to 3 m depth, maximum irradiance peaks that exceed the mean irradiance E d by a factor of more than 7 can be observed at low wind speeds up to 5 m s −1 . The strength of irradiance fluctuations can be even amplified under the influence of higher ultra-gravity waves; thereby peaks can exceed 11 E d . Sea states influence the light field much deeper; gravity waves can cause considerable irradiance variability even at 100 m depth. The simulation results show that under realistic conditions 50 % radiative enhancements compared to the mean can still occur at 30 m depth. At greater depths, the underwater light variability depends on the wave steepness of the characteristic wave of a sea state; steeper waves cause stronger light fluctuations.

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“…The application of the theory (Hasselmann, et al, 1973) A visual summary of these equations is given in Figure 8 which shows a typical frequency spectrum and the associated source terms (Hasselmann, et al, 1973 (Leykin and Rozenberg, 1984;Donelan, et al, 1985), inpv?! from the wind and nonlinear interactions are balanced by dissipation processes, including wave breaking and the formation of "parasitic" capillaries ahead of the steep wave crests of the longer primary waves.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phillips (1985) amended his concept of a hard saturation limit, based on observations that the constants, a and P, and the slopes in equations (40) and (41) varied and indicated a wind speed dependence (Leykin and Rozenberg, 1984;Donelan, et al, 1985;Geernaert, et al, 1986). With the additional dependence of wind speed included, the functions in equation (40) and (41) are evaluated as 3 However, Plant and Wright (1977) present empirical results which show the maximum wave height attained by a given wave depends only on its wavelength, i.e., augmented wind drift is not the limiting factor for the growth of the short gravity waves.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dependence of radar backscatter on the energetics of the air-sea interface

Colton¹

10th Annual International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

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(continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block numberThe Normalized Radar Cross-Section (NRCS), the fundamental measurement made by radar scatterometers, was obtained as part of the Water-Air Vertical Exchanges 1987 (WAVES87) experiment. The experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of environmental parameters on the NRCS and was performed from a research lower located in Lake Ontario, on which two microwave scatterometers operating at 14.0 and 5.0GHz were installed for six weeks in the autumn of 1987. The novel aspect of this experiment was that the 14.0GHz radar auiomaiically rotated through 300°in azimuth angle at six different incidence angles to the water surface, accompanied by simultaneous measurements of wind stress and high resolution directional wave spectra. Therefore, the incidence and azimuthal angle behavior of the NRCS was examined as a function of wind speed, friction velocitN', wind direction, wave direction and atmospheric stability.The dependence of the NRCS on wind speed for various incidence angles is similar to previous results. However, the slope exponents of the NRCS vs. 19.5m wind speed curves at intermediate incidence angles are higher than the corresponding open ocean measurements.Scaling the lake neutral wind speed data by the ratio of lake to ocean drag coefficients reduces the slopes of the curves and suggests the drag coefficient has a sea state dependence.The correlation between NRCS and neutral wind speed at Im is higher (0.91) than between the NRCS and friction velocity (0.73 at 40°). The minima in the sinusoidal modulation of the NRCS as a function of relative wind angle (the angle between the wind and antenna directions) are often shifted (by as much as 45°) such that the minima do not always occur at cross-wind angles. Instead, the angular distance between the NRCS minima in the case of a wind-wave sea appears to approximate the directional spread of the waves about the upwind direction, generally rather less than 180°. Figure 46. Ku-Band (v-pol)

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Sea-Tower Measurements of Wind-Wave Spectra in the Caspian Sea

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Wave modelling – The state of the art

Wave modelling – The state of the art

On the influence of wind and waves on underwater irradiance fluctuations

Dependence of radar backscatter on the energetics of the air-sea interface

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