Sea-Trial of Optical Ethernet Modems for Underwater Wireless Communications

Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) camera sensors are embedded in many consumer electronics products: thanks to the Rolling Shutter (RS) readout mode, they can detect a time-varying light intensity, which is the key to realize Optical Camera Communication (OCC). To this aim, we introduce here a model describing the camera as a Real-Time Oscilloscope (RTO) detecting optical signals; by means of this approach, we can now characterize the CMOS camera by means of parameters that correspond to common oscilloscope specifications, such as the frequency response, the noise, the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the total harmonic distortion (THD), etc.; all of these are introduced and measured in terms of the camera parameters. This approach provides for the first time a set of quantitative tools that should be used to maximize the OCC transmission performance by allowing the optimal selection of the camera settings.

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“…where f h represent the frequencies of the harmonics and A rms is defined in Eq. (6). As an example, we report in Fig.…”

Section: Noise Floor and Distortionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Modelization and Characterization of a CMOS Camera as an Optical Real-Time Oscilloscope

2020

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“…The optical power loss may be even huge if the experiment is conducted in the open sea under the sun. It is because, in the daytime, there is background light to interfere with transmitted light [19]. It can be seen from Figure 10 that the bit error rate performance after turning on the submerged motor is worse than that after precipitating impurities in the water.…”

Section: Impact Of Artificial Seawater Factor On Uwocmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System by Varying the Environmental Parameters

Chen

Liaw

et al. 2021

Photonics

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Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has been considered a promising technology for high-speed underwater transmission. Some Gb/s level UWOC systems applying visible light have been demonstrated with a transmission distance of several meters or more. Many of the previous works focus on the advanced technologies to push the systems’ capacity–distance performance. However, practical environmental factors issue such as flow turbulence and temperature variation are seldom studied through specific statistical/theoretical models. In this paper, a UWOC system using a 450 nm blue light laser source was set up using a 1.5-m water tank with mirrors located on both sides for single or multiple reflections corresponding to different transmission distances. The blue laser was modulated by a 1.25 Gbps NRZ-OOK format with PRBS of 7, 24 or 31, respectively, for system performance comparison. The bit error rate (BER) values were measured in 1.5, 3.0 and 6 m, respectively, for system evaluation. At room temperature, the BER value was down to 10 × 10−8 for a 1.25 Gbps data rate in a 6 m transmission. Then, the UWOC transmission system experiment was carried out under several environmental parameters such as temperature, turbulence, artificial seawater by adding salt to simulate practical application in river or sea. When a submerged motor with an output of 1200 L/h was used as a water flow turbulence source, the impact to BER and transmission quality was negligible. For the temperature change issue, the experiment shows that around the original temperature of 25 °C had the best BER as compared to other temperature ranges from 10 to 50 °C. For artificial seawater issues by adding salt to simulate the real seawater environment. The transmission distance was only 3-m instead of 6 m, mainly due to particle scattering and water disturbance. With the motor pump on, the power penalty was 1 dB at 10 × 10−8 BER when compared to the motor pump off.

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“…The open space areas such as T, Y, cross, and roundabouts intersections are considered as the main challenge during autonomous vehicle navigation on the roads, due to sudden changes of the road’s direction, losses of sensors’ signals, and difficulty to make the right decision in such environments. Other open space area challenges can be found during autonomous navigation and right maneuver searching in underwater vehicles [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous Road Roundabout Detection and Navigation System for Smart Vehicles and Cities Using Laser Simulator–Fuzzy Logic Algorithms and Sensor Fusion

Ali

Mailah

Jabbar

et al. 2020

Sensors

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A real-time roundabout detection and navigation system for smart vehicles and cities using laser simulator–fuzzy logic algorithms and sensor fusion in a road environment is presented in this paper. A wheeled mobile robot (WMR) is supposed to navigate autonomously on the road in real-time and reach a predefined goal while discovering and detecting the road roundabout. A complete modeling and path planning of the road’s roundabout intersection was derived to enable the WMR to navigate autonomously in indoor and outdoor terrains. A new algorithm, called Laser Simulator, has been introduced to detect various entities in a road roundabout setting, which is later integrated with fuzzy logic algorithm for making the right decision about the existence of the roundabout. The sensor fusion process involving the use of a Wi-Fi camera, laser range finder, and odometry was implemented to generate the robot’s path planning and localization within the road environment. The local maps were built using the extracted data from the camera and laser range finder to estimate the road parameters such as road width, side curbs, and roundabout center, all in two-dimensional space. The path generation algorithm was fully derived within the local maps and tested with a WMR platform in real-time.

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Sea-Trial of Optical Ethernet Modems for Underwater Wireless Communications

Cited by 30 publications

References 48 publications

Modelization and Characterization of a CMOS Camera as an Optical Real-Time Oscilloscope

Modelization and Characterization of a CMOS Camera as an Optical Real-Time Oscilloscope

Performance Evaluation of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System by Varying the Environmental Parameters

Autonomous Road Roundabout Detection and Navigation System for Smart Vehicles and Cities Using Laser Simulator–Fuzzy Logic Algorithms and Sensor Fusion

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