I dedicate this thesis to my parents Paulo and Márcia. I could not put into words all the love and gratitude that I have for them. Among the people that helped me accomplish this thesis, I would like to thank: • Some special people close to me during this process: Débora, Danilo, Nivaldo and Ana Paula for their great support and special thanks to Jessica for her love and patience. • The friends at IFSC that I had the opportunity to interact socially and scientifically throughout the years. Special mention to Tiago, Denis and Carlos, for sharing similar research interests and helping with discussions about physics. • Friends that I made during my stay in Buffalo, especially, Ballav, Jeongsu, Jim Parry and Jimmy P. "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself, and you are the easiest person to fool."-RICHARD P. FEYNMAN (1918-1988) "I think it is much more interesting to live not knowing than to have answers that might be wrong."-RICHARD P. FEYNMAN (1918-1988) "Individual curiosity, often working without practical ends in mind, has always been a driving force for innovation."