Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) Over the Indian Peninsula

Abstract

Seasonal and diurnal variations in the thermal structure of the troposphere and lower stratosphere with special reference to the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are studied using data from 3 h interval radiosonde launches carried out simultaneously from Trivandrum (8.5°N, 76.9°E) and Gadanki (13.5°N,79°E) during December 2010 to March 2014. TTL is defined as the region extending from the level of minimum stability (LMinS) to the level of maximum stability (LMaxS). Above the cold point tropopause (CPT), temperature showed warm anomaly (4–5 K) during summer monsoon (June–September) and cold anomaly (up to −4 K) during winter (December–February). The temperature in the troposphere showed a clear diurnal variation (±0.5 K) with a cold anomaly during early morning and warm anomaly during the day in all the seasons. At Gadanki, the diurnal temperature anomaly in the lower stratosphere showed its phase propagating downward with time, whereas at Trivandrum such variations are not clearly evident. At diurnal timescales, the TTL showed significant variations at LMinS (0.5–1.5 km/5–7 K) and smaller variations at CPT (0.2–0.5 km/2–3 K). In general, the amplitude of the diurnal component is greater than the semidiurnal component for all the TTL parameters, and these amplitudes are relatively larger at Trivandrum than at Gadanki. The observed diurnal variations could be the manifestation of tidal oscillations and/or due to the influence of local convection. Correlation analysis between different TTL parameters indicated a slow transition from a governing adiabatic process in the TTL base to a diabatic process at the TTL top.

Reply to Lars Olof Björn’s Comment on our article “Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum”

“…), is approximately -18 • C (255 K) corresponding to the temperature of the middle of the troposphere, at the cloud tops (∼ 5 Km), averaged over latitude. Since average day and night temperatures of the middle troposphere are similar (varying by < 0.5 K [Muhsin et al (2017)]) due to surface convection, winds, currents, the heat capacity of water vapor, etc., the radiation re-emitted from Earth is effectively emitted into a 4π solid angle.…”