Seasonal and spatial trends in the sources of fine particle organic carbon in Israel, Jordan, and Palestine

Schneidemesser, Erika von; Zhou, Jiabin; Stone, Elizabeth A.; Schauer, James J.; Qasrawi, Radwan; Abdeen, Ziad; Shpund, Jacob; Vanger, Arye; Sharf, Geula; Moise, Tamar; Brenner, S.; Nassar, Khaled; Saleh, Rami; Al-Mahasneh, Qusai M.; Sarnat, Jeremy A.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.039

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…SOC concentrations were 2.5 times those of POC in the outskirts sites, an expected result since these latter sites are farther removed from the sources of primary emissions within the city proper. The results were consistent with the study of von Schneidemesser et al (2010) that SOC (i.e., OC that was left unapportioned by a chemical mass balance model) was estimated to be 30-74 % of the total OC in 11 sites in the Middle East, having climatological conditions similar to those in Riyadh.…”

Section: Soc Estimationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Knowledge of the sources of carbonaceous aerosol affecting air quality in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is limited but needed for the development of pollution control strategies. We conducted sampling of PM 2.5 from April to September 2012 at various sites in the city and used a thermo-optical semi-continuous method to quantify the organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations. The average OC and EC concentrations were 4.7 ± 4.4 and 2.1 ± 2.5 µg m −3 , respectively, during this period. Both OC and EC concentrations had strong diurnal variations, with peaks at 06:00-08:00 LT and 20:00-22:00 LT, attributed to the combined effect of increased vehicle emissions during rush hour and the shallow boundary layer in the early morning and at night. This finding suggested a significant influence of local vehicular emissions on OC and EC. The OC / EC ratio in primary emissions was estimated to be 1.01, close to documented values for diesel emissions. Estimated primary organic carbon (POC) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were comparable, with average concentrations of 2.0 ± 2.4 and 2.8 ± 3.4 µg m −3 , respectively.We also collected 24 h samples of PM 10 onto quartz microfiber filters and analyzed these for an array of metals by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Total OC was correlated with Ca (R 2 of 0.63), suggesting that OC precursors and Ca may have similar sources, and the possibility that they underwent similar atmospheric processing. In addition to a ubiquitous dust source, Ca is emitted during desalting processes in the numerous refineries in the region and from cement kilns, suggesting these sources may also contribute to observed OC concentrations in Riyadh. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis showed that high OC and EC concentrations were associated with air masses arriving from the Persian Gulf and the region around Baghdad, locations with high densities of oil fields and refineries as well as a large Saudi Arabian cement plant. We further applied positive matrix factorization to the aligned dataset of EC, OC, and metal concentrations (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and V). Three factors were derived and were proposed to be associated with oil combustion, industrial emissions (Pb based), and a combined source from oil fields, cement production, and local vehicular emissions. The dominant OC and EC source was the combined source, contributing 3.9 µg m −3 (80 %) to observed OC and 1.9 µg m −3 (92 %) to observed EC.

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Section: Soc Estimationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

et al. 2018

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“…oil combustion, petrochemical industry emissions and traffic indicated), indicating an opportunity for Kuwait policy makers to target them for reducing PM 2.5 emissions. A CMB model using measurements of PM 2.5 that were taken at a total of 11 sites in Israel, Jordan and Palestine was applied by von Schneidemesser et al (2010). Biomass burning and vehicular emissions were found to be the most important sources of carbonaceous PM 2.5 in this region.…”

Section: Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations, sources and exposure risks associated with particulate matter in the Middle East Area—a review

Tsiouri

Kakosimos

Kumar

2014

Air Qual Atmos Health

121

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Rapid economic expansion, industrialization, urbanisation and construction in the Middle East Area (MEA) have led to an increase in the levels of air pollution, resulting in serious effects on human health. For the first time, this article provides a comprehensive synthesis of the currently available published information which deals with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in MEA. The focus of the article remains on the PM sources, monitoring, health impacts and source apportionment.The key objectives are to identify the levels of PM pollution and the associated exposure risks, to highlight research gaps and to discuss future research directions. The limited number of monitoring studies available for MEA indicates that dust storms augmented by the rapid increase in urban population are the key reasons for the high PM concentration levels. The findings of reviewed monitoring studies suggest that the levels of both annual mean PM 10 (20 μg/m 3 ) and PM 2.5 (10 μg/m 3 ) concentrations exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines during most of the non-dust storm episodes, and as expected, the PM pollution levels become even higher during dust storm episodes. For example, 24-h mean PM 10 concentrations of over 1,000 μg/m 3 were noted during a severe dust storm episode in Kuwait. The findings of the epidemiological and toxicological studies in MEA have shown that dust storm events have a significant impact on respiratory admissions and the adverse health effects of PM are particularly in the form of asthma and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. It is concluded that PM pollution in MEA is a significant problem and quantification of PM emissions and the design of control measures to abate their impacts on public health are of primary importance. Besides, there is a need for more systematic PM data collection for source apportionment and assessment of PM levels that would enable air pollution-related health impact assessments of MEA. Furthermore, this review highlights that the release of airborne PM from major building activities such as building construction is largely unknown and emission inventories for different situations are needed.

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“…According to our knowledge, there are less than ten articles published about PM, some gaseous pollutants, and limited chemical analysis in Jordan (Al-Momani et al, 2005;Abu Allaban et al, 2006;Soleiman et al, 2009;Gharaibeh et al, 2010;Hamasha and Arnott, 2010;Schneidemesser et al, 2010;Abdeen et al, 2014). There were only two studies focused on fine particle number concentrations in Jordan, specifically in Amman and Zarqa Hussein and Betar, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile Aerosol Measurement in the Eastern Mediterranean - A Utilization of Portable Instruments

Hussein

Boor

Santos

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Air pollution research and reports have been limited in the Middle East, especially in Jordan with respect to aerosol particle number concentrations. In this study, we utilized a simple "mobile setup" to measure, for the first time, the spatial variation of aerosol concentrations in Eastern Mediterranean. The mobile setup consisted of portable aerosol instruments to measure particle number concentrations (cut off sizes 0.01, 0.02, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 µm), particle mass concentrations (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 ), and black carbon concentration all situated on the back seat of a sedan car. The car was driven with open windows to ensure sufficient cabin air ventilation for reliable outdoor aerosol sampling. Although the measurement campaign was two days long, but it provided preliminary information about aerosols concentrations over a large spatial scale that covered more than three quarters of Jordan. We should keep in mind that the presented concentrations reflect on road conditions. The submicron particle concentrations were the highest in the urban locations (e.g., Amman and Zarqa) and inside cities with heavy duty vehicles activities (e.g., Azraq). The highest micron particle concentrations were observed in the southern part of the country and in places close to the desert area (e.g., Wadi Rum and Wadi Araba). The average submicron concentration was 4.9 × 10 3 -120 × 10 3 cm -3 (5.7-86.7 µg m -3 ) whereas the average micron particle concentration was 1-11 cm -3 (8-150 µg m -3 , assume ρ p = 1 g cm -3 ). The main road passing through Jafr in the eastern part of Jordan exhibited submicron concentration as low as 800 cm -3 . The PM 10 concentration consisted of about 40-75% as PM 1 . The black carbon (BC) concentration variation was in good agreement with the PM 1 as well as the submicron particle number concentration.

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Seasonal and spatial trends in the sources of fine particle organic carbon in Israel, Jordan, and Palestine

Cited by 31 publications

References 34 publications

Sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Concentrations, sources and exposure risks associated with particulate matter in the Middle East Area—a review

Mobile Aerosol Measurement in the Eastern Mediterranean - A Utilization of Portable Instruments

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Seasonal and spatial trends in the sources of fine particle organic carbon in Israel, Jordan, and Palestine

Cited by 31 publications

References 34 publications

Sources of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Sources of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Concentrations, sources and exposure risks associated with particulate matter in the Middle East Area—a review

Mobile Aerosol Measurement in the Eastern Mediterranean - A Utilization of Portable Instruments

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Product

Resources

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Sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub> carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia