Seasonal and spatial variation in
            <i>Culicoides</i>
            community structure and their potential role in transmitting Simbu serogroup viruses in Israel

Behar, Adi; Rot, Asael; Lavon, Y.; Izhaki, Omer; Gur, Nadav; Brenner, J.

doi:10.1111/tbed.13457

Cited by 11 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Both assays presented in this study, that is the neutralization test and the indirect immunofluorescence test, proved suitable for the detection of SHUV antibodies. Alternatively, biting midges (genus Culicoides ) could be monitored for the presence of viral genome as has been demonstrated for various Simbu serogroup viruses (Behar et al., 2020; De Regge et al., 2012; Stram et al., 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shuni virus‐induced meningoencephalitis after experimental infection of cattle

Sick

Breithaupt

Golender³

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Shuni virus (SHUV), an insect-transmitted orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup within the family Peribunyaviridae, may induce severe congenital malformations when naïve ruminants are infected during gestation. Only recently, another clinical presentation in cattle, namely neurological disease after postnatal infection, was reported.To characterize the course of the disease under experimental conditions and to confirm a causal relationship between the virus and the neurological disorders observed in the field, six calves each were experimentally inoculated (subcutaneously) with two different SHUV strains from both clinical presentations, that is encephalitis and congenital malformation, respectively. Subsequently, the animals were monitored clinically, virologically and serologically for three weeks. All animals inoculated with the 'encephalitis strain' SHUV 2162/16 developed viremia for three to four consecutive days, seroconverted, and five out of six animals showed elevated body temperature for up to three days. No further clinical signs such as neurological symptoms were observed in any of these animals. However, four out of six animals developed a non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, characterized by perivascular cuffing and glial nodule formation. Moreover, SHUV genome could be visualized in brain tissues of the infected animals by in situ hybridization. In contrast to the 'encephalitis SHUV strain', in animals subcutaneously inoculated with the strain isolated from a malformed newborn (SHUV 2504/3/14), which expressed a truncated non-structural protein NSs, a major virulence factor, no viremia or seroconversion, was observed, demonstrating an expected severe replication defect of this strain in vivo. The lack of viremia further indicates that virus variants evolving in malformed foetuses may represent attenuated artefacts as has been described for closely related viruses. As the neuropathogenicity of SHUV could be demonstrated under experimental conditions, this virus should be included in differential diagnosis for encephalitis in ruminants, and cattle represent a suitable animal model to study the pathogenesis of SHUV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shuni virus‐induced meningoencephalitis after experimental infection of cattle

Sick

Breithaupt

Golender³

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Furthermore, in 2017, RNA fragments of a specifi c PEAV were detected in the cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) and testicles of a malformed calf exhibiting hydranencephaly (14). SBV was not found in all the studies conducted during 2011-2017, nor was it detected passively in Israel (3,(11)(12)(13)(14). We report the detection of SBV RNA in Israel in both vectors and affected ruminants.…”

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confidence: 90%

“…Serum samples and vectors are collected every month from 13 selected dairy farms representing different geographic regions in Israel (Figure ). Specifi c PEAV, SHUV, and SATV RNA fragments were also detected by nested quantitative PCR (qPCR) from different Culicoides species during 2015-2017 (13). Furthermore, in 2017, RNA fragments of a specifi c PEAV were detected in the cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) and testicles of a malformed calf exhibiting hydranencephaly (14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Genomic Detection of Schmallenberg Virus, Israel

Behar¹,

Izhaki²,

Rot³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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S imbu serogroup viruses form one of the largest serogroups in the genus Orthobunyavirus of the family Peribunyaviridae, comprising >25 antigenically different, but serologically related, negativesense single-stranded RNA viruses. These viruses are transmitted mainly by Culicoides biting midges; they persist in the environment by cycling between infected mammalian hosts and Culicoides vectors. Notable examples from the Simbu serogroup are Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Sathuperi virus (SATV), Shamonda virus (SHAV), Peaton virus (PEAV), and Shuni virus (SHUV, which is also suspected of infecting humans.). These viruses are known to cross the placenta of ruminants to the developing fetus, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal malformations that are seen only at birth. The congenital malformations are termed arthrogryposishydranencephaly syndrome. Given that the clinical signs can be observed only months after viremia has occurred, fi eld and laboratory practitioners are at a huge disadvantage when facing epidemics caused by these viruses (1-7).Until recently, the most studied viruses of the Simbu serogroup were AKAV and Aino virus, both known to be present in Israel (1,3). In 2011, a new Simbu virus emerged in Europe and was named Schmallenberg virus (SBV) (8). Studies suggested that SBV is a reassortant virus, deriving the medium (M)

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“…Culicoides populations have been studied extensively in Israel over the years (Braverman et al ., 1985; Braverman, 1992; Braverman & Linley, 1993; Morag et al ., 2012; Behar et al ., 2020). However, this is the first longitudinal study to analyse the association of weather parameters with Culicoides population in several locations and climate zones at dairy farms in Israel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major species found in dairy farms in Israel are Culicoides imicola , a known Afrotropical vector of Bluetongue virus (BTV) (Mellor et al ., 2000) and members of the Culicoides schultzei group of species, mainly Culicoides oxystoma and Culicoides kingi (Morag et al ., 2012; Bakhoum et al ., 2013; Behar et al ., 2020). C. oxystoma is mostly found in Asia and is a known vector of BTV and Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (Yanase et al ., 2005; Savini et al ., 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of ambient temperature fluctuations on Culicoides biting midges population dynamics and activity in dairy farms: a longitudinal study

Saroya

Gottlieb

Klement

2020

Medical Vet Entomology

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The effect of climatic factors on the presence of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) was previously studied. Nevertheless, lack of laboratory rearing data hampers species‐specific prediction of weather fluctuations effect on population size. To determine fluctuations in population size in the field, we recorded Culicoides and other Nematocerans in seven Israeli dairy farms over two‐years (2011–2012) and analysed the association of their dynamics with fluctuations in ambient temperature and total rainfall. In six farms, the most abundant species were Culicoides imicola Kieffer and Culicoides schultzei (Enderlein) gp., primarily composed of parous females, and in one farm Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) gp., mostly nulliparous females, were dominant. While the total number of insects was similar in both years, Culicoides numbers were significantly higher in 2012, but appeared later in the season and reached a higher peak. A multi‐variable linear regression model demonstrated positive association of C. imicola and C. schultzei numbers with the monthly multi‐annual ambient temperature and its specific deviation, but not with monthly rainfall. C. obsoletus populations peaked at spring and sharply decreased when temperature exceeded 20 °C, and were best modelled by adding quadratic terms. Weather‐specific estimation of population size under field conditions may enable to predict outbreaks intensity of Culicoides‐borne viruses.

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Seasonal and spatial variation in Culicoides community structure and their potential role in transmitting Simbu serogroup viruses in Israel

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Shuni virus‐induced meningoencephalitis after experimental infection of cattle

Shuni virus‐induced meningoencephalitis after experimental infection of cattle

Genomic Detection of Schmallenberg Virus, Israel

The effect of ambient temperature fluctuations on Culicoides biting midges population dynamics and activity in dairy farms: a longitudinal study

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