Seasonal glyphosate and AMPA levels in urine of children and adolescents living in rural regions of Northeastern Slovenia

Stajnko, Anja; Tratnik, Janja Snoj; Kosjek, Tina; Mazej, Darja; Jagodic, Marta; Eržen, Ivan; Horvat, Milena

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105985

Cited by 47 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. The principal difference in POPs is that VOCs are not persistent and in fact they have a relatively short biological half-life (4 h) and are rapidly eliminated from the body [ 78 ]. However, this aspect does not make them less dangerous for human health: Repetitive or ongoing exposure can lead to an increase of endogenous VOC levels in the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urine, breast milk, and exhaled air sampling are non-invasive, easy, and can be done directly by the individuals. Urine is the most useful matrix for measuring urinary biomarkers that are rapidly metabolized and excreted, such as non-persistent pesticides, bisphenol A (BPA) [ 126 ], and other phenols [ 44 ], parabens [ 130 ], volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [ 83 , 85 , 87 , 92 , 93 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 105 , 108 , 111 ], and PAHs [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 60 , 61 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ]. However, urine analysis suffers from great temporal variability in composition within individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, blood is the preferred matrix for many chemicals, as it is in continuous contact with the whole organism and is in equilibrium with organs and tissues; it is used for the determination of POPs 38,39,41,42,[54][55][56]58,59,[62][63][64][65][66][67][69][70][71][72] with the exception of some POPs [39,40,44], PAHs [45][46][47][48][49][50][51]53], and some pesticides (i.e., pyrethroids) [60,61,[73][74][75][76][77][78] that accumulate more in urine. Blood analysis has a standardized sampling procedure and it is generally the most widespread analysis in HBM studies, but it has some limitations, such as the invasiveness of sampling and the need for the presence of professional operators.…”

Section: Biological Matrices and Biomarker Extraction Methods In Hbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review

Longo

Forleo

Giampetruzzi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Environmental chemicals and contaminants coming from multiple external sources enter the human body, determining a potential risk for human health. Human biomonitoring (HBM), measuring the concentrations of biomarkers in human specimens, has become an emerging approach for assessing population-wide exposure to hazardous chemicals and health risk through large-scale studies in many countries. However, systematic mapping of HBM studies, including their characteristics, targeted hazardous pollutants, analytical techniques, and sample population (general population and occupationally exposed workers), has not been done so far. We conducted a systematic review of the literature related to airborne hazardous pollutants in biofluids to answer the following questions: Which main chemicals have been included in the literature, which bodily fluids have been used, and what are the main findings? Following PRISMA protocol, we summarized the publications published up to 4 February 2021 of studies based on two methods: gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and electronic noses (e-noses). We screened 2606 records and 117 publications were included in the analysis, the most based on GC/MS analysis. The selected HBM studies include measurements of biomarkers in different bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and human semen as well as exhaled air. The papers cover numerous airborne hazardous pollutants that we grouped in chemical classes; a lot of hazardous and noxious compounds, mainly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have been detected in biological fluids at alarming levels. The scenario that emerged from this survey demonstrates the importance of HBM in human exposure to hazardous pollutants and the need to use it as valid tool in health surveillance. This systematic review represents a starting point for researchers who focus on the world of pollutant biomonitoring in the human body and gives them important insights into how to improve the methods based on GC/MS. Moreover, it makes a first overview of the use of gas sensor array and e-noses in HBM studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biological Matrices and Biomarker Extraction Methods In Hbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review

Longo

Forleo

Giampetruzzi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many of these involved the exposure assessment of a defined population to a particular compound by detecting the compound in question or its most common metabolites. For example, Stajnko et al [ 88 ] estimated the exposure to glyphosate (GLY) and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in a young population of an agricultural community. The remaining studies evaluated between 26 and 43 substances except the study carried out by Smadi et al [ 85 ], in which 161 pesticides (and three antibiotic families) were tested in breast milk from lactating women living in refugee camps.…”

Section: Direct Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Experimental Approaches and Analytical Techniques (from 2019)

2021

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Background: Pesticide residues are a threat to the health of the global population, not only to farmers, applicators, and other pesticide professionals. Humans are exposed through various routes such as food, skin, and inhalation. This study summarizes the different methods to assess and/or estimate human exposure to pesticide residues of the global population. Methods: A systematic search was carried out on Scopus and web of science databases of studies on human exposure to pesticide residues since 2019. Results: The methods to estimate human health risk can be categorized as direct (determining the exposure through specific biomarkers in human matrices) or indirect (determining the levels in the environment and food and estimating the occurrence). The role that analytical techniques play was analyzed. In both cases, the application of generic solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, followed by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, is decisive. Advances within the analytical techniques have played an unquestionable role. Conclusions: All these studies have contributed to an important advance in the knowledge of analytical techniques for the detection of pesticide levels and the subsequent assessment of nonoccupational human exposure.

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“…Different works have detected higher levels of glyphosate in urine samples from people living near agricultural fields in comparison to those who live in urban areas (24,75) (Table 2). However, other authors were unable to find differences in the levels of glyphosate or AMPA in relation to the residential environment in children and adolescents from rural regions (76). Gillezeau et al (82), revised the literature to document human exposure to glyphosate among populations in different settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glyphosate Herbicide: Reproductive Outcomes and Multigenerational Effects

et al. 2021

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Glyphosate base herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely applied pesticides in the world and are mainly used in association with GBH-tolerant crop varieties. Indiscriminate and negligent use of GBHs has promoted the emergence of glyphosate resistant weeds, and consequently the rise in the use of these herbicides. Glyphosate, the active ingredient of all GBHs, is combined with other chemicals known as co-formulants that enhance the herbicide action. Nowadays, the safety of glyphosate and its formulations remain to be a controversial issue, as evidence is not conclusive whether the adverse effects are caused by GBH or glyphosate, and little is known about the contribution of co-formulants to the toxicity of herbicides. Currently, alarmingly increased levels of glyphosate have been detected in different environmental matrixes and in foodstuff, becoming an issue of social concern. Some in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that glyphosate and its formulations exhibit estrogen-like properties, and growing evidence has indicated they may disrupt normal endocrine function, with adverse consequences for reproductive health. Moreover, multigenerational effects have been reported and epigenetic mechanisms have been proved to be involved in the alterations induced by the herbicide. In this review, we provide an overview of: i) the routes and levels of human exposure to GBHs, ii) the potential estrogenic effects of glyphosate and GBHs in cell culture and animal models, iii) their long-term effects on female fertility and mechanisms of action, and iv) the consequences on health of successive generations.

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Seasonal glyphosate and AMPA levels in urine of children and adolescents living in rural regions of Northeastern Slovenia

Cited by 47 publications

References 46 publications

Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review

Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review

Non-Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Experimental Approaches and Analytical Techniques (from 2019)

Glyphosate Herbicide: Reproductive Outcomes and Multigenerational Effects

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