SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE WALNUT HUSK FLY, <i>RHAGOLETIS COMPLETA</i> CRESSON (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Kasana, Abdulmajid; Aliniazee, M. T.

doi:10.4039/ent128377-3

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Final damage levels were higher than those reported (74-91% in 1992, 89-91% in 1993) because harvest occurred 1-2 weeks after the last sampling and fallen nuts were included. These values are similar to those reported for the U.S.A. (Riedl & Hoying 1980;Kasana & AliNiazee 1996) and show that R. completa has become a key pest in northern Italy. The spread of the pest in Europe has been slower that expected: France seems to be free from R. completa occurrence despite the species has been common in Italy and in Switzerland for a decade.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The most important phenological phases of R. completa observed during 1992 and 1993, were similar to those recorded in Oregon, U.S.A. (Kasana & AliNiazee 1996). The latter study was performed in orchards containing the Franquette variety.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Oviposition by R. completa is related to host plant conditions and in particular to husk hardness, nut growth and possibly other factors (Boyce 1934;Riedl & Hoying 1980;Kasana & AliNiazee 1996). From our data, it can be seen that the oviposition period was slightly different between the two seasons within the same orchard while there were some differences among orchards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Later, additional studies were carried out in California and other states of the USA (Michelbacher & Ortega 1958;Gibson & Kearby 1978;Riedl & Hoying 1980;Kasana & AliNiazee 1996). In the U.S.A., the pest has one generation per year.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mating occurs 6-8 days after emergence followed by oviposition 1-2 weeks later. The oviposition period lasts over a month (Boyce 1934;Riedl & Hoying 1980;Kasana & AliNiazee 1996). Visual and, to a lesser extent, olfactory stimuli affect searching for oviposition sites (Cirio 1972).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life cycle, phenology and economic importance of the walnut husk flyRhagoletis completaCresson (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Italy

Duso¹,

Lago²

2006

Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.)

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Abstract. The walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa Cresson, a pest originating from North-America, was detected for the first time in Europe in 1991. The life cycle and phenology of R. completa were studied, during two successive seasons, in two commercial orchards located in northern Italy. The pest develops one generation per year. Fly emergence lasted from early July to the second half of August. Oviposition was detected from late July to early September, with peaks between August 5 and 18. First instar larvae were recorded from early August and mature larvae left husks from late August onwards to pupate in the soil. The seasonal patterns of nuts infestation showed rapid growths in August following oviposition peaks. Nuts infestation levels in the untreated plots of the two orchards, ranged from 74-91% in the first year to 89-91% in the following season. Relatively dark shell surfaces were linked to a weight reduction in nuts and kernels and to an increase in darkened and mouldy kernels. Observations made in an untreated orchard for additional 3 years confirmed these trends. Baited Pherocon AM were effective in monitoring flies but catches on woody green spheres were better correlated with the first relevant oviposition phases. When pesticides were sprayed with the correct timing, i.e. against eggs or first instar larvae, infestation was kept to acceptable levels with a single application. Considering average yields, nuts prices and costs for insecticide use, 1-2 insecticide treatments are economically viable. Other Implications are discussed. Résumé. Cycle de vie, phénologie et importance économique de la mouche des brous du noyerRhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera : Tephritidae) au nord de l'Italie. La mouche des brous du noyer Rhagoletis completa Cresson est un ravageur originaire d'Amérique du Nord. Elle a été détectée pour la première fois en Europe en 1991. Son cycle de vie et sa phénologie ont été étudiés durant deux saisons successives dans deux vergers commerciaux du nord de l'Italie. Le ravageur développe une seule génération par an. La période d'émergence dure depuis le début juillet jusqu'à la seconde moitié d'août. L'oviposition a été détectée de fin-juillet à début-septembre, avec un pic entre le 5 et le 18 août. Les larves de premier stade ont été observeés à partir de début-août tandis que les larves matures ont quitté les écales à partir de la fin-août pour puper dans le sol. La séquence saisonnière d'infestation des noix a montré une croissance rapide en août à la suite des pics d'oviposition. Les niveaux d'infestation des noix dans les parcelles non traitées des deux vergers ont été de 74-91% la première année et de 89-91% la seconde. La surface tachée relative des écales a été mise en relation avec la réduction en poids des noix et des coques et à une augmentation de la fréquence des coques moisies et noircies. Des observations faites dans un verger non traité durant 3 années supplémentaires ont confirmé ces tendances. Le « Pherocon AM » appâté a été efficace pour la surveillance des mouch...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life cycle, phenology and economic importance of the walnut husk flyRhagoletis completaCresson (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Italy

Duso¹,

Lago²

2006

Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.)

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Performance of Two Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pupal Parasitoids (Coptera haywardi [Hymenoptera: Diapriidae] and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]) under Different Environmental Soil Conditions

et al. 2002

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Are bottlenecks associated with colonization? Genetic diversity and diapause variation of native and introduced Rhagoletis completa populations

et al. 2006

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The success of invasive species appears to be a paradox: despite experiencing strong population bottlenecks, invasive species are able to successfully establish in new environments. We studied how the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa, was able to successfully colonize California from the Midwestern United States, by examining genetic diversity and diapause variation of native and introduced fly populations. Climate plays an important role in the successful establishment of introduced insects, because insect diapause is highly dependent upon external climatic conditions. We examined if: (1) fly populations show signs of a population bottleneck, (2) native and introduced flies differ in diapause length when exposed to California and Midwestern climatic conditions, and (3) population genetic diversity is related to variation in diapause length. We assessed if fly diapause conformed more to a model of establishment by local adaptation or to a model of a highly plastic "general-purpose genotype". Our results indicate that only two populations close to the original introduced location showed signs of a population bottleneck, and native and introduced populations did not differ in genetic diversity. Genetic diversity increased in the northern introduced populations, suggesting that multiple introductions have occurred. Flies emerged about 2 weeks earlier under the Midwestern treatment than the California treatment, and introduced flies emerged about a week earlier than native flies. All flies emerged when walnuts are typically available in California. Although variance in diapause length differed between populations, it did not vary between populations or regions. Furthermore, genetic diversity was not associated with diapause variation. Therefore, multiple introductions and a "general-purpose genotype" appear to have facilitated the fly's invasion into California.

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SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE WALNUT HUSK FLY, RHAGOLETIS COMPLETA CRESSON (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

Life cycle, phenology and economic importance of the walnut husk flyRhagoletis completaCresson (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Italy

Life cycle, phenology and economic importance of the walnut husk flyRhagoletis completaCresson (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Italy

Performance of Two Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pupal Parasitoids (Coptera haywardi [Hymenoptera: Diapriidae] and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]) under Different Environmental Soil Conditions

Are bottlenecks associated with colonization? Genetic diversity and diapause variation of native and introduced Rhagoletis completa populations

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