Background: Cysteinyl leukotrienes are important mediators of airway inflammation, whereas 8-isoprostane is a biomarker of oxidative stress. This study evaluated the distributions of cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane concentrations in exhaled breath condensates (EBCs) of children. The relationship between cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane concentrations in the EBCs was also evaluated. Methods: The EBCs were collected from 34 children with allergic respiratory diseases and 24 healthy children. All recruited children underwent pulmonary function testing every season. The severity of allergic respiratory diseases and medication status were assessed every month in children with allergic respiratory diseases. results: The EBC cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane levels were higher in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis than in those with asthma only and healthy children. In asthmatic children, cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane levels peaked in the summer. All children showed a clear association between EBC cysteinyl leukotriene and EBC 8-isoprostane levels. conclusion: The cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane concentrations in the EBCs of children significantly varied by season. Oxidative stress correlated with airway inflammation in children. t he prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases is gradually increasing. In Taiwan children aged 6-8 years, the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis is 10.4-12.2 and 24.6-31.4%, respectively (1,2). In school children, asthma symptoms usually appear in the summer and winter seasons whereas those of allergic rhinitis mainly appear in the winter (1,2). Besides seasonal change, risk factors for allergic respiratory diseases include allergens and air pollutants (3).As asthma and allergic rhinitis often coexist in the same patient, both conditions might result from the same disease as suggested by the concept of "one airway, one disease" (4). The pathogenesis of asthma and allergic rhinitis in humans mainly involves airway inflammation (3). In vivo, studies show that increased oxidative stress on the respiratory system causes airway obstruction, excess mucus secretion, and airway inflammation (5,6). Hence, airway oxidative stress is a potential indicator of the severity and prognosis of airway inflammation (6). An important biomarker of oxidative stress is 8-isoprostane, which is a prostaglandin-like compound produced in vivo by the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. This compound has been detected in human urine and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples (7,8). Concentrations of EBC 8-isoprostane increase with age in healthy adults (9) and are elevated in asthmatic adults (10,11). Concentrations of 8-isoprostane in EBCs are also higher in severe asthmatics as compared with mild and moderate asthmatics and healthy adults (6,12). The EBC 8-isoprostane levels are significantly higher in children with asthma than in healthy children (13-16). Another well-documented factor with potential clinical relevance is the seasonality of...