Seasonal Variation, Chemical Composition, and Analgesic and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd in Southern Brazil

Abstract

The seasonal variation of the chemical composition of the essential oil from fresh leaves of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd grown in southern Brazil was analyzed by GC-MS, and the analgesic and antimicrobial activities of this oil were assayed. The yield of essential oil ranged from 0.17% to 0.26%, with the maximum amount in winter and the minimum in spring. The results obtained from principal components analysis (PCA) revealed the existence of high chemical variability in the different seasons. The samples were clearly discriminated into three groups: winter, autumn, and spring-summer. Samples collected during winter contained the highest percentages of calyculone (24.70%), abietadiene (13.54%), and viridiflorol (4.20%). In autumn, the major constituents were ledol (8.74%) and cis-muurolol-5-en-4-α-ol (13.78%). Samples collected in spring-summer contained the highest percentages of fenchone (12.67%), 14-hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (24.36%), and α-cadinol (8.33%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were predominant in all the samples analyzed. The observed chemovariation might be environmentally determined by a seasonal influence. The essential oil, when given orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg, exhibited good analgesic activity on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, inhibiting the constrictions by 38.94% to 46.13%, and this effect was not affected by seasonal variation. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against the bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, and Enterobacter cloacae, and the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans was assessed by the disc diffusion method and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration. The results obtained, followed by measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), indicated that S. aureus, B. subtilis, and Candida albicans were the most sensitive microorganisms, showing largest inhibition, and the lowest MIC values varied from 15.6 to 31.2 µg/mL, 7.8 to 15.6 µg/mL, and 31.2 to 62.5 µg/mL, respectively.

Seasonal variability of the essential oil of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling.

“…One way to consider the yield on dry weight basis without the risk of losing EO is to extract the oil from fresh material and to determine the moisture content, as already described in the literature (Pimentel et al, 2012). The EO yields obtained from H. ringens showed a dependence on seasonality, which has also been described in previous studies for other species of Lamiaceae (Gazim et al, 2010). Beyond the season and drying state of the plant material, the EO yield and composition can be affected by other factors, such as stage of plant development, light, temperature, soil, altitude, rainfall, liming and harvest time (Blank et al, 2005;Gobbo-Neto and Lopes, 2007;Lakušić et al, 2011;Lima et al, 2003;Mossi et al, 2012).…”

Seasonal Variation of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of the Essential Oils from Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.

“…In different seasonal periods, the plant synthesizes different compounds according to environmental conditions [32]. The data presented here demonstrate this fact (Tables 1 and 3).…”

New Natural Diterpene-Type Abietane from Tetradenia riparia Essential Oil with Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities

“…Although there is broad report on the isolated compounds of T. riparia essential oil, our group still searches for minor constituents that represent a great challenge for researchers. The essential oil of T. riparia present biological activities that are reported in the literature as antispasmodic [4], larvicidal and insecticidal [1], anti-mycobacterial [11], antimalarial [2], repellent of Anopheles gambiae [12], antimicrobial, antinociceptive [8], and acaricidal against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus [13].…”

“…Gazim et al [8] report that the essential oil of T. riparia is a complex mixture of terpenoids: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes (hydrocarbons or oxygenated) and the most representative class of the oil composition is the oxygenated sesquiterpenes, especially 14-hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene.…”