Seasonality and the evolutionary divergence of plant parasites

Hamelin, Frédéric; Castel, Magda; Poggi, Sylvain; Andrivon, Didier; Mailleret, Ludovic

doi:10.1890/10-2442.1

Cited by 45 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Further experimental investigations taking into account the pathogenic and saprophytic phases of the disease cycle (40,41), guided by theory (43,47), would be appropriate for characterizing the effect of seasonality on year-to-year disease transmission. Indeed, seasonality plays a role in short-term pathogen evolution by causing alternating periods of high transmission and population bottlenecks (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Changes Drive Short-Term Selection for Fitness Traits in the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici

Suffert

Ravigné

Sache

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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cIn a cross-infection experiment, we investigated how seasonal changes can affect adaptation patterns in a Zymoseptoria tritici population. The fitness of isolates sampled on wheat leaves at the beginning and at the end of a field epidemic was assessed under environmental conditions (temperature and host stage) to which the local pathogen population was successively exposed. Isolates of the final population were more aggressive, and showed greater sporulation intensity under winter conditions and a shorter latency period (earlier sporulation) under spring conditions, than isolates of the initial population. These differences, complemented by lower between-genotype variability in the final population, exhibited an adaptation pattern with three striking features: (i) the pathogen responded synchronously to temperature and host stage conditions; (ii) the adaptation concerned two key fitness traits; (iii) adaptation to one trait (greater sporulation intensity) was expressed under winter conditions while, subsequently, adaptation to the other trait (shorter latency period) was expressed under spring conditions. This can be interpreted as the result of short-term selection, driven by abiotic and biotic factors. This case study cannot yet be generalized but suggests that seasonality may play an important role in shaping the variability of fitness traits. These results further raise the question of possible counterselection during the interepidemic period. While we did not find any trade-off between clonal multiplication on leaves during the epidemic period and clonal spore production on debris, we suggest that final populations could be counterselected by an Allee effect, mitigating the potential impact of seasonal selection on long-term dynamics.T hermal variation, including seasonal fluctuations and also climate change, appears to be one of the main drivers of the predicted change in plant disease distributions (1-3). The adaptive response of plant pathogens to thermal variations may involve the movement of pathogen populations, as well as phenotypic plasticity and selection, so that full characterization requires extensive measurements of fitness traits under various environmental conditions. How the seasonality of disease development (e.g., the duration of the epidemic and interepidemic periods, through modifications of the biotic and abiotic environment) will be modified by climate change is a question increasingly addressed in the literature (4-6). In contrast, how seasonal climate variation within a year currently affects the dynamics of pathogen populations has received less attention. However, this knowledge would be very useful for characterizing the potential effects of warming on future population dynamics. Indeed, the effects of seasonal variation are measurable at this time and offer very interesting prospects for experimentation. Investigation of such current effects of seasonality is particularly interesting because they might induce shortterm selection in the fitness traits of pathogen populations that...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Changes Drive Short-Term Selection for Fitness Traits in the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici

Suffert

Ravigné

Sache

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Additionally, in more diverse grassland communities, we also observed infected plant species to be less likely to be infected by multiple pathogens (Table 2b, Appendix F). Co-infection of pathogens is equally governed by initial host encounter and non-host shielding that limits pathogen spread, which also increases competition between pathogens for shared host tissue (Finckh et al 2000, Barrett et al 2009, Hamelin et al 2011.…”

Section: Effects Of Plant Species Diversity On Pathogen Group Diversimentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher plant diversity promotes higher diversity of fungal pathogens, while it decreases pathogen infection per plant

Rottstock

Joshi

Kummer

et al. 2014

Ecology

196

185

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Abstract. Fungal plant pathogens are common in natural communities where they affect plant physiology, plant survival, and biomass production. Conversely, pathogen transmission and infection may be regulated by plant community characteristics such as plant species diversity and functional composition that favor pathogen diversity through increases in host diversity while simultaneously reducing pathogen infection via increased variability in host density and spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of multi-hostmulti-pathogen interactions is of high significance in the context of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning. We investigated the relationship between plant diversity and aboveground obligate parasitic fungal pathogen (''pathogens'' hereafter) diversity and infection in grasslands of a long-term, large-scale, biodiversity experiment with varying plant species (1-60 species) and plant functional group diversity (1-4 groups). To estimate pathogen infection of the plant communities, we visually assessed pathogen-group presence (i.e., rusts, powdery mildews, downy mildews, smuts, and leaf-spot diseases) and overall infection levels (combining incidence and severity of each pathogen group) in 82 experimental plots on all aboveground organs of all plant species per plot during four surveys in 2006.Pathogen diversity, assessed as the cumulative number of pathogen groups on all plant species per plot, increased log-linearly with plant species diversity. However, pathogen incidence and severity, and hence overall infection, decreased with increasing plant species diversity. In addition, co-infection of plant individuals by two or more pathogen groups was less likely with increasing plant community diversity. We conclude that plant community diversity promotes pathogen-community diversity while at the same time reducing pathogen infection levels of plant individuals.

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“…Models on plant parasites, for instance, have indicated that evolutionary divergence of parasite phenotypes can be driven by seasonal transmission and associated fitness trade-offs (Hamelin et al, 2011), such as may also occur with annual treatments and reduced density-dependent factors. One such recent model describes how competition explains intra-host diversification of parasites (Rascalou and Gourbiere, 2014).…”

Section: Elucidating the Potential Role Of Hybridisation And Introgrementioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the Effects of Mass Drug Administration on the Molecular Epidemiology of Schistosomes

Lamberton¹,

Crellen²,

Cotton³

et al. 2015

Mathematical Models for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Essential Tools for Control and Elimination, Part A

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Seasonality and the evolutionary divergence of plant parasites

Cited by 45 publications

References 36 publications

Seasonal Changes Drive Short-Term Selection for Fitness Traits in the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici

Seasonal Changes Drive Short-Term Selection for Fitness Traits in the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici

Higher plant diversity promotes higher diversity of fungal pathogens, while it decreases pathogen infection per plant

Modelling the Effects of Mass Drug Administration on the Molecular Epidemiology of Schistosomes

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