Seawater Battery-Based Wireless Marine Buoy System With Battery Degradation Prediction and Multiple Power Optimization Capabilities

Abstract

This paper presents a wireless marine buoy system based on the seawater battery (SWB), providing self-powered operation, power-efficient management, and degradation prediction and fault detection. Since conventional open circuit voltage (OCV) methods cannot be applied due to inherent cell characteristics of SWB, the coulomb counting (CC) method is adopted for the state of charge (SOC) monitoring. For the state of health (SOH), a variance-based detection scheme is proposed to provide degradation prediction and fault detection of the SWB. The self-powered operation is augmented by two proposed power optimization schemes such as multiple power management and three-step LED light control. A wireless buoy system prototype is manufactured, and its functional feasibility is experimentally verified, where its location and SOC are periodically monitored in a smartphone-based wireless platform.

Dual‐Use of Seawater Batteries for Energy Storage and Water Desalination

“…Cho et al put forward a novel design for marine life jackets. [192] It takes advantage of the properties of seawater batteries that generate electricity once the cathode current collector contacts the seawater. Therefore, when people fall into the water wearing the life jacket, the batteries will be activated and charge the in-built global positioning system.…”

“…Oxygen evolution reactions occur at the cathode part during the charging process, producing protons; sodium ions insert into the hard carbon anode. To keep the charge balance, Cl − and Na + in the seawater (middle channel) [192] Copyright 2021, the Author(s), Published by IEEE. C) Scheme image of unassisted solar-charging rechargeable seawater battery with NiFeO x /BiVO 4 PE combined with PSC or c-Si PVs and D) the mechanism image of it with three pieces of PSC as the example.…”

Development of a Fuzzy Inference Based Solar Energy Controller for Smart Marine Water Monitoring

“…In Cho et al (2021), it is argued that recent demand for eco-friendly energy sources has been rapidly increasing. Therefore, the Lithium-ion battery (LIB) exposed to seawater or corroded by immersion is not suitable for marine buoys because its cobalt toxicity causes serious environmental pollution problems (Olivetti et al, 2017).…”

“…Therefore, the Lithium-ion battery (LIB) exposed to seawater or corroded by immersion is not suitable for marine buoys because its cobalt toxicity causes serious environmental pollution problems (Olivetti et al, 2017). Consequently, a number of authors have proposed to use seawater batteries (Cho et al, 2021;Ligaray et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2018;Hwang et al, 2019;Kim et al, 2021) or solar batteries (Przybysz et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021;Trevathan and Sharp, 2020) for wireless marine buoy systems. However, as indicated in Cho et al (2021), Demirdelen et al (2019), there are some issues to be resolved when using those batteries as follows: 1) proper support charge during battery usage; 2) maintaining stable battery state by preventing overcharge and undercharge; 3) for lifetime or optimal replacement time estimations, the degradation progress in the battery needs to be reported.…”

“…Consequently, a number of authors have proposed to use seawater batteries (Cho et al, 2021;Ligaray et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2018;Hwang et al, 2019;Kim et al, 2021) or solar batteries (Przybysz et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021;Trevathan and Sharp, 2020) for wireless marine buoy systems. However, as indicated in Cho et al (2021), Demirdelen et al (2019), there are some issues to be resolved when using those batteries as follows: 1) proper support charge during battery usage; 2) maintaining stable battery state by preventing overcharge and undercharge; 3) for lifetime or optimal replacement time estimations, the degradation progress in the battery needs to be reported. Moreover, the marine buoy needs to be selfpowered with harvesting devices such as PV (Helmi et al, 2014), wind (Kesavakumar et al, 2013) and wave harvester (Li et al, 2019) for long-lasting system operation.…”