Second-Generation Bio-Fuels: Strategies for Employing Degraded Land for Climate Change Mitigation Meeting United Nation-Sustainable Development Goals

Abstract

Increased Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from both natural and man-made systems contribute to climate change. In addition to reducing the use of crude petroleum’s derived fuels, and increasing tree-planting efforts and sustainable practices, air pollution can be minimized through phytoremediation. Bio-fuel from crops grown on marginal land can sustainably address climate change, global warming, and geopolitical issues. There are numerous methods for producing renewable energy from both organic and inorganic environmental resources (sunlight, air, water, tides, waves, and convective energy), and numerous technologies for doing the same with biomass with different properties and derived from different sources (food industry, agriculture, forestry). However, the production of bio-fuels is challenging and contentious in many parts of the world since it competes for soil with the growth of crops and may be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use wildlife management techniques to provide sustainable bio-energy while maintaining or even improving essential ecosystem processes. The second generation of bio-fuels is viewed as a solution to the serious issue. Agricultural lignocellulosic waste is the primary source of second-generation bio-fuel, possibly the bio-fuel of the future. Sustainable practices to grow biomass, followed by their holistic conversion into ethanol with desired yield and productivity, are the key concerns for employing renewable energy mix successfully. In this paper, we analyze the various types of bio-fuels, their sources, and their production and impact on sustainability.

Can natural undisturbed revegetation restores soil organic carbon to levels under native climax vegetation under tropical semiarid climate?

“…The microbiome can develop functional redundancy and can perform multiple functions in environments where there is a need for vegetation recovery and implementation of sustainable land-use systems, preventing soil degradation, ensuring the productivity of marketable crops (Lira-Junior et al, 2020). For a short-term goal to generate income at national scale and maintain soil health, large-scale adoption of conservation systems, such as NTS, can be an important tool for mitigating GHGs, meeting the international commitments made at Convention of the Parties (COP 27) and meeting the global targets for bioenergy (Pramanik et al, 2023).…”

The Potential of Platanus orientalis L. Bark for High-Grade Resource Utilization

“…Large amounts of phenols and aromatic compounds were found in the methanol/ethanol extracts (Table 4), indicating that the bark of P. orientalis contained a large amount of tannin, which can be used as a raw material for resins, adhesives, metal-iron absorption, and bio-medicines. [3,4]benz[1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 9,9a-bis(acetyloxy)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-1,1a,1b,2,3,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9adodecahydro-2,3,4a,7b-tetrahydroxy-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-, 0.687 1H-Cyclopropa [3,4]benz[1,2-e]azulene-4a,5,7b,9,9a(1aH)-pentol, 3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-1b,4,5,7a,8,9-hexahydro-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-, 7.145 4H-Cyclopropa [5 ,6 ]benz[1 ,2 :7,8]azuleno [5,6]oxiren-4-one, 8,8a-bis(acetyloxy)-2a-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-1,1a,1b,1c,2a,3,3a,6a,6b,7,8,8a-dodecahydro-6b-hydroxy-3a-methoxy-1,1,…”

“…The continuous growth of the global population has triggered a global energy crisis [1]. The problems of environmental pollution [2], ecological damage, and climate change [3,4] have become increasingly serious [5]. Biomass, for the sustainable production of chemicals and fuels [6], is extremely abundant in nature [7].…”

“…5H-Cyclopropa[3,4]benz[1,2-e]azulen-5-one,9,9a-bis(acetyloxy)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-2-chloro-1,1a,1b,2,3,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-dodecahydro-3,4a,7b-trihydroxy-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,…”

Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings

“…Oxygenated bio-fuels are attracting great interest as suitable blending agents with fossil gasoline and Diesel fuels, generally showing improved engine performances, lower pollutant emissions, and improved fuel efficiency [10]. Nowadays, ethanol, produced by the fermentation of carbohydrate fractions in lignocellulosic biomasses [11], and bio-diesel, obtained from oil crops or through the fermentative route [12,13], represent two of the most investigated second-generation bio-fuels. Also among them, other oxygenated compounds, such as alcohols and esters obtainable from residual lignocellulosic biomasses, appear extremely promising for use in Diesel engines [14].…”