Second law analysis of CuCl2 hydrolysis reaction in the Cu–Cl thermochemical cycle of hydrogen production

Farsi, Aida; Dinçer, İbrahim; Naterer, G.F.

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.117721

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The two smallest pore diameter samples (SGCu3 and SGCu2) showed barely any change, except for the growth of a reflection around 15.7° in between the two expected positions 15.3 and 16.2°. This may indicate a decomposition product from hydrolysis similar to MgCl 2 in ref and for CuCl 2 in refs − . This was further supported by the measurement on the SGCu5 that was deliberately exposed to 12 mbar at 30 °C for 10 h before the measurement (see Figure ) and when a single sample was used for two consecutive in situ measurements, which gave similar results with many of the tested composites.…”

Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

The Effect of Nanoconfinement on Deliquescence of CuCl₂ Is Stronger than on Hydration

Eberbach

Huinink

Shkatulov

et al. 2023

Crystal Growth & Design

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The hydration of salts has gained particular interest within the frame of thermochemical energy storage. Most salt hydrates expand when absorbing water and shrink when desorbing, which decreases the macroscopic stability of salt particles. In addition, the salt particle stability can be compromised by a transition to an aqueous salt solution, called deliquescence. The deliquescence often leads to a conglomeration of the salt particles, which can block the mass and heat flow through a reactor. One way of macroscopically stabilizing the salt concerning expansion, shrinkage, and conglomeration is the confinement inside a porous material. To study the effect of nanoconfinement, composites of CuCl 2 and mesoporous silica (pore size 2.5−11 nm) were prepared. Study of sorption equilibrium showed that the pore size had little or no effect on the onsets of (de)hydration phase transition of the CuCl 2 inside the silica gel pores. At the same time, isothermal measurements showed a significant lowering of the deliquescence onset in water vapor pressure. The lowering of the deliquescence onset leads to its overlap with hydration transition for the smallest pores (<3.8 nm). A theoretical consideration of the described effects is given in the framework of nucleation theory.

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Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

The Effect of Nanoconfinement on Deliquescence of CuCl₂ Is Stronger than on Hydration

Eberbach

Huinink

Shkatulov

et al. 2023

Crystal Growth & Design

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“…Copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) process consists of four to five steps and is extensively studied at laboratory scale for thermochemical water splitting [15][16][17]. The main advantages of Cu-Cl cycle are low-temperature requirements (530 °C) and can be easily coupled with low-grade heat sources from nuclear or solar sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cu–Cl Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle: Probing Temperature-Dependent CuCl2 Hydrolysis and Thermolysis Reaction Using In Situ XAS

Singh

Pai

Banerjee

et al. 2021

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Recently, we reported detailed investigations on a hydrolysis step of Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle (Singh et al. in Int J Energy Res 44:2845-2863 where we demonstrated CuCl 2 hydrolysis using a fixed-bed reactor under optimized conditions. Thermolysis of CuCl 2 and oxide formation are associated hindrances in achieving 100% phase-pure hydrolysis product, Cu 2 OCl 2 . With an objective to understand the thermolysis and hydrolysis processes at molecular level, both these reactions were investigated independently in the present study using in situ XAS as a probe. The progress of both the reactions was recorded from RT to 400 °C by monitoring temperature-dependent evolution of Cu species using Cu K-edge XAS measurements at BL-09, Indus-2 SRS, RRCAT, Indore, India. XAS results are also corroborated with ex situ analysis by XRD and TG of samples containing various compositions of CuCl 2 mixed with boron nitride (pellets employed for XAS). Besides LCF, hydrolysis product Cu 2 OCl 2 yield was further supported by chemical titrations. EXAFS revealed that with increasing temperature, coordination of Cu atoms in reactant CuCl 2 progressively decreased during thermolysis. For hydrolysis process, coordination of Cu atoms in Cu-Cu, Cu-O and Cu-Cl linkages approached towards that of Cu 2 OCl 2 and CuO. CuCl 2 diminished and transformed into CuCl (88 mass%) at 350 °C during thermolysis and ~ 60 mass% of Cu 2 OCl 2 and 40 mass% of CuO during hydrolysis reaction. Based on in situ investigations in the present study, the most probable reactions taking place during CuCl 2 hydrolysis at different temperatures are proposed for S/Cu of 14.6.

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“…4 Lewis et al [5][6][7] proposed a methodology for assessing some key operating parameters and efficiency of the hydrolysis reaction. Farsi et al 8 presented a second law analysis for the CuCl 2 hydrolysis reactor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exergo‐economic assessment by a specific exergy costing method for an experimental thermochemical hydrogen production system

Farsi

Dinçer

Naterer

2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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In this article, an exergo-economic study of an experimental lab-scale integrated copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle of hydrogen production is conducted. The analysis is performed based on a specific exergy costing (SPECO) method to determine the influences of various design criteria on the costs and then identify possible improvements for more cost effective approaches. The article includes an exergy analysis, economic study, exergy costing and exergoeconomic evaluation. Also, a scale-up analysis is performed to predict the cost of a larger scale facility of 1000 kg per day of hydrogen production. The results of the exergo-economic and scale-up analysis are expected to assist in the design, optimization and improvement of a scaled-up Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle. Furthermore, the results of this study show that for a large-scale Cu-Cl cycle plant with a capacity of 1000 kg/day H 2 , the cost of hydrogen production, excluding the treatment of side reactions, is predicted at about 3.

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Second law analysis of CuCl2 hydrolysis reaction in the Cu–Cl thermochemical cycle of hydrogen production

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

The Effect of Nanoconfinement on Deliquescence of CuCl₂ Is Stronger than on Hydration

The Effect of Nanoconfinement on Deliquescence of CuCl₂ Is Stronger than on Hydration

Cu–Cl Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle: Probing Temperature-Dependent CuCl2 Hydrolysis and Thermolysis Reaction Using In Situ XAS

Exergo‐economic assessment by a specific exergy costing method for an experimental thermochemical hydrogen production system

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Second law analysis of CuCl2 hydrolysis reaction in the Cu–Cl thermochemical cycle of hydrogen production

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

The Effect of Nanoconfinement on Deliquescence of CuCl2 Is Stronger than on Hydration

The Effect of Nanoconfinement on Deliquescence of CuCl2 Is Stronger than on Hydration

Cu–Cl Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle: Probing Temperature-Dependent CuCl2 Hydrolysis and Thermolysis Reaction Using In Situ XAS

Exergo‐economic assessment by a specific exergy costing method for an experimental thermochemical hydrogen production system

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The Effect of Nanoconfinement on Deliquescence of CuCl₂ Is Stronger than on Hydration

The Effect of Nanoconfinement on Deliquescence of CuCl₂ Is Stronger than on Hydration