Second to fourth digit ratios, male genital development and reproductive health: a clinical study among fertile men and testis cancer patients

Auger, Jacques; Eustache, Florence

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01124.x

Cited by 57 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The largest study to date, which included 360 young men from a normal population, found no relationship of 2:4 digit length ratio with testis or semen parameters [20]. Other studies showed significant negative associations between 2:4 digit length in men and reproductive success; in those studies, the 2:4 digit length ratio was higher in infertile men than in fertile men [21,22]. There are no reports on the relationship between the 2:4 digit length ratio and the occurrence of cryptorchidism or hypospadias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penile length, digit length, and anogenital distance according to birth weight in newborn male infants

Park

Lim

et al. 2015

Korean J Urol

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PurposeAnogential distance (AGD) and the 2:4 digit length ratio appear to provide a reliable guide to fetal androgen exposure. We intended to investigate the current status of penile size and the relationship between penile length and AGD or digit length according to birth weight in Korean newborn infants.Materials and MethodsBetween May 2013 and February 2014, among a total of 78 newborn male infants, 55 infants were prospectively included in this study. Newborn male infants with a gestational age of 38 to 42 weeks and birth weight>2.5 kg were assigned to the NW group (n=24) and those with a gestational age<38 weeks and birth weight<2.5 kg were assigned to the LW group (n=31). Penile size and other variables were compared between the two groups.ResultsStretched penile length of the NW group was 3.3±0.2 cm, which did not differ significantly from that reported in 1987. All parameters including height, weight, penile length, testicular size, AGD, and digit length were significantly lower in the LW group than in the NW group. However, there were no significant differences in AGD ratio or 2:4 digit length ratio between the two groups.ConclusionsThe penile length of newborn infants has not changed over the last quarter century in Korea. With normal penile appearance, the AGD ratio and 2:4 digit length ratio are consistent irrespective of birth weight, whereas AGD, digit length, and penile length are significantly smaller in newborns with low birth weight.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penile length, digit length, and anogenital distance according to birth weight in newborn male infants

Park

Lim

et al. 2015

Korean J Urol

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“…This illustrates a female preference for men with a low 2D:4D ratio possibly driven by the fact that these have more symmetrical faces. Such a preference might have evolved because it increases females' reproductive success by gaining benefits from partners who are physically more robust [1] and who have more fertile ejaculates [43,44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts facial, but not voice or body odour, attractiveness in men

et al. 2011

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There is growing evidence that human second-to-fourth digit ratio (or 2D:4D) is related to facial features involved in attractiveness, mediated by in utero hormonal effects. The present study extends the investigation to other phenotypic, hormone-related determinants of human attractiveness: voice and body odour. Pictures of faces with a neutral expression, recordings of voices pronouncing vowels and axillary odour samples captured on cotton pads worn for 24 h were provided by 49 adult male donors. These stimuli were rated on attractiveness and masculinity scales by two groups of 49 and 35 females, approximately half of these in each sample using hormonal contraception. Multivariate regression analyses showed that males' lower (more masculine) right 2D:4D and lower right-minus-left 2D:4D (Dr2l) were associated with a more attractive (and in some cases more symmetrical), but not more masculine, face. However, 2D:4D and Dr2l did not predict voice and body odour masculinity or attractiveness. The results were interpreted in terms of differential effects of prenatal and circulating testosterone, male facial shape being supposedly more dependent on foetal levels (reflected by 2D:4D ratio), whereas body odour and vocal characteristics could be more dependent on variation in adult circulating testosterone levels.

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“…Of interest is that also digit ratios are related to endocrine exposure (Zheng and Cohn, 2011). However, no indication for hormone disruption with this specific read out in relationship with development of GCC has been found so far (Auger and Eustache, 2011). However, such a link was found based on measurements of steroid hormone during early pregnancy (Holl et al, 2009).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Risk Factors Of Human Gccmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of malignant germ cells - the genvironmental hypothesis

Looijenga¹,

Agthoven²,

Biermann³

2013

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Human germ cell tumors are of interest because of their epidemiology, clinic and pathobiology. Histologically, they are subdivided into various elements, with similarities to embryogenesis. Recent insight triggered development of a higher order division into five types of human germ cell tumors. In the context of male germ cells, only three are relevant; Type I: teratomas and yolk sac tumors of neonates and infants; Type II: seminomas and nonseminomas of (predominantly) adolescents and adults; and Type III: spermatocytic seminomas of the elderly. Various animal models, both occurring spontaneous or induced, are reported, of which their relevance is still a matter of debate. Recent multidisciplinary studies have led to a significant increase in our understanding of the parameters involved in the earliest pathogenetic steps of human germ cells tumors, particularly the seminomas and nonseminomas (Type II). This paper will discuss a number of interesting insights into the normal and aberrant regulation of germ cell development, resulting in the so-called genvironmental hypothesis. This assumes a subtle interaction between environmental-and (epi)genetic parameters, resulting in clinical/phenotypical characteristics. These influence signaling pathways and thereby developmental processes, including gonadal development, germ cell proliferation, maturation and apoptosis. In the case of a disturbed physiology, either due to the germ cell itself, or the micro-environment, embryonic germ cells, during a specific window of sensitization, might be blocked in their maturation, resulting in carcinoma in situ or gonadoblastoma, the precursors of seminomas and nonseminomas. The level of testicularization of the gonad determines the histological composition of the precursor. These insights will allow a better definition of individuals at risk of developing a germ cell malignancy, and allow a better selection of scientific approaches to elucidate the corresponding pathogenesis.

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Second to fourth digit ratios, male genital development and reproductive health: a clinical study among fertile men and testis cancer patients

Cited by 57 publications

References 55 publications

Penile length, digit length, and anogenital distance according to birth weight in newborn male infants

Penile length, digit length, and anogenital distance according to birth weight in newborn male infants

Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts facial, but not voice or body odour, attractiveness in men

Development of malignant germ cells - the genvironmental hypothesis

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