Secreted Extracellular Vesicle Molecular Cargo as a Novel Liquid Biopsy Diagnostics of Central Nervous System Diseases

Monteiro‐Reis, Sara; Carvalho‐Maia, Carina; Bart, Geneviève; Vainio, Seppo; Pedro, Jorge; Silva, Eunice R.; Sales, M. Goreti F.; Henrique, Rui; Jerónimo, Carmen

doi:10.3390/ijms22063267

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…However, there is also a sufficient overlap of the molecular patterns of exosomes and their producer cells to allow for the identification of the producer cell type by analyzing the exosomal composition. This fact is utilized for diagnosis of a multitude of diseases (“liquid biopsies”), a procedure with enormous potential and is currently rapidly increasing clinical implementation [ 72 , 73 , 74 ].…”

Section: Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR/Cas9: Principle, Applications, and Delivery through Extracellular Vesicles

Horodecka

Duechler

2021

IJMS

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The establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) technology for eukaryotic gene editing opened up new avenues not only for the analysis of gene function but also for therapeutic interventions. While the original methodology allowed for targeted gene disruption, recent technological advancements yielded a rich assortment of tools to modify genes and gene expression in various ways. Currently, clinical applications of this technology fell short of expectations mainly due to problems with the efficient and safe delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components to living organisms. The targeted in vivo delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids and proteins remain technically challenging and further limitations emerge, for instance, by unwanted off-target effects, immune reactions, toxicity, or rapid degradation of the transfer vehicles. One approach that might overcome many of these limitations employs extracellular vesicles as intercellular delivery devices. In this review, we first introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 system and its latest advancements, outline major applications, and summarize the current state of the art technology using exosomes or microvesicles for transporting CRISPR/Cas9 constituents into eukaryotic cells.

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Section: Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR/Cas9: Principle, Applications, and Delivery through Extracellular Vesicles

Horodecka

Duechler

2021

IJMS

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“…This capacity may be also very useful in the biomarker field. In fact, EV are currently considered targets of liquid biopsies not only in CVD [114] but also in other fields [115,116]. Again, the lack of standard methods for EV quantification (and phenotyping) in the biomarker field is one of the paramount pitfalls towards their use in the clinic practice [117,118].…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular vesicles in atherothrombosis and cardiovascular disease: Friends and foes

et al. 2021

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Extracellular vesicles (EV, exosomes and microvesicles -MV-) are 30-1000 nm particles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane that are released from almost all cell types through several pathways. EV encapsulate bioactive molecules, and the molecular cargo is determined by the trigger stimulating its release, reflecting its cell origin and biological functions.This review is primarily focused on the latest evidence of the roles of EV, released from cells involved in the different stages of atherothrombosis. The potential translation of this information to the clinical arena is also discussed.EV can have both pro-and anti-atherothrombotic effects depending on several factors, such as the type of vesicle (MV/exosome), its molecular cargo, its cell of origin, and the context in which are generated, i.e., the stimulus triggering its release. In fact, EV actively participate in every step of atherosclerosis onset and progression, and also in thrombus formation leading to a major adverse cardiovascular event. Moreover, EV have a determinant role in fibrous cap stability, thus determining the propensity of the plaque to rupture. On the other hand, and again, conditioned by the context and stimulus instigating its secretion, some EV may have protective biological functions, perhaps as a compensatory mechanism or even with reparative or regenerative potential. Therefore, the study of the implication of EV in atherothrombosis might be of relevance to unveil new therapeutic targets, vectors and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

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“…Currently, the most striking evidence of their importance comes from the study of circulating human EVs in inflammatory disorders, and even more from the recognition of their presence in body fluids [12]. EV-containing "liquid biopsies" such as blood [13], BAL [14], urine [15], saliva [13], and cerebrospinal fluid [16] can be obtained in an easy and minimally invasive way and are seen as a promising alternative to regular biopsies [9]. Indeed, the comprehensive characterization of EVs and of their content in body fluids might offer the key to better understand disease development and treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review of the Evolution of Extracellular Vesicles’ Knowledge: From 1946 to Today

Bazzan

Tinè

Casara

et al. 2021

IJMS

100

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of particles/vesicles present in blood and body fluids, composed of phospholipid bilayers that carry a variety of molecules that can mediate cell communication, modulating crucial cell processes such as homeostasis, induction/dampening of inflammation, and promotion of repair. Their existence, initially suspected in 1946 and confirmed in 1967, spurred a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications. Paradoxically, the increasing interest for EV content and function progressively reduced the relevance for a precise nomenclature in classifying EVs, therefore leading to a confusing scientific production. The aim of this review was to analyze the evolution of the progress in the knowledge and definition of EVs over the years, with an overview of the methodologies used for the identification of the vesicles, their cell of origin, and the detection of their cargo. The MISEV 2018 guidelines for the proper recognition nomenclature and ways to study EVs are summarized. The review finishes with a “more questions than answers” chapter, in which some of the problems we still face to fully understand the EV function and potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool are analyzed.

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Secreted Extracellular Vesicle Molecular Cargo as a Novel Liquid Biopsy Diagnostics of Central Nervous System Diseases

Cited by 17 publications

References 119 publications

CRISPR/Cas9: Principle, Applications, and Delivery through Extracellular Vesicles

CRISPR/Cas9: Principle, Applications, and Delivery through Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles in atherothrombosis and cardiovascular disease: Friends and foes

Critical Review of the Evolution of Extracellular Vesicles’ Knowledge: From 1946 to Today

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