Secure and Defensive High Self-Esteem.

Jordan, Christian H.; Spencer, Steven J.; Zanna, Mark P.; Hoshino‐Browne, Etsuko; Correll, Joshua

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.969

Cited by 490 publications

(416 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Furthermore, discrepant implicit-explicit SE in either direction is associated with more dissonance-reducing behaviors. For instance, Jordan and colleagues showed that individuals with high explicit but low implicit SE were more defensive and rationalized their decisions more than those with consistent implicit-explicit SE [29]. As implicit-explicit discrepancies may be associated with anxiety, the present study builds on our previous findings examining the relationship between discrepancies in anxiety and PNES frequency [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Dimaro

Roberts

Moghaddam

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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Purpose: Self-esteem (SE), or one's sense of competence and worth, is reduced in many mental and physical\ud disorders. Low SE is associated with perceived stigma and disability and poor treatment outcomes. The present\ud study examined implicit and explicit SE (automatic and deliberate views about the self) in people with epilepsy\ud and people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs). Discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE\ud have been found to correlate with psychological distress in disorders often associated with PNESs but are\ud relatively unexplored in PNESs. We hypothesized that, compared with epilepsy, PNESs would be associated\ud with lower self-reported SE and greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE.\ud Methods: Thirty adults with PNESs, 25 adults with epilepsy, and 31 controls without a history of seizures were\ud asked to complete the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale as a measure of explicit SE and an Implicit Relational\ud Assessment Procedure as a measure of implicit SE. The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and Patient Health\ud Questionnaire—15 (a somatic symptom inventory) were also administered.\ud Results: We found significant group differences in explicit (p b 0.001) but not implicit SE. Patients with PNESs\ud reported lower SE than the other groups. No group differences were found in implicit SE. Implicit–explicit SE\ud discrepancies were larger in the group with PNESs than in the other groups (p b 0.001). Higher frequency of\ud PNESs (but not epileptic seizures) was associatedwith lower explicit SE (rs=−.83, p b 0.01) and greater SE discrepancies\ud (i.e., lower explicit relative to implicit SE; rs = .65, p b 0.01). These relationships remained significant\ud when controlling for anxiety and somatization.\ud Conclusion: Patients with PNESs had lower explicit SE than those with epilepsy or healthy controls. In keeping\ud with our expectations, there were greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE among patients\ud with PNESs than in the other groups. Our results, including the strong relationship between PNES frequency,\ud anxiety, and explicit–implicit SE discrepancies, support the interpretation that PNESs serve to reduce cognitive\ud dissonance, perhaps protecting patients' implicit SE

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Dimaro

Roberts

Moghaddam

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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“…Conflicts between implicit and explicit self-esteem are associated with a number of important psychological problems, such as narcissism (Jordan et al, 2003), self-doubt (Briñol et al, 2006), and maladaptive perfectionism (Zeigler-Hill & Terry, 2007). Future work may investigate whether meditation can alleviate the problems that are associated with discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, such discrepancies have been associated with distinct psychological disadvantages. For instance, individuals with high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem are often more narcissistic and vulnerable to criticism than individuals with other configurations of implicit and explicit self-esteem (Bosson, Brown, Zeigler-Hill, & Swann, 2003;Jordan, Spencer, Zanna, Hoshino-Browne, & Correll, 2003;Shröder-Abé, Rudolph, Wiesner, & Schütz, 2007;Zeigler-Hill, 2006). Likewise, individuals with low explicit self-esteem and high implicit self-esteem appear to be especially prone to maladaptive forms of perfectionism (Zeigler-Hill & Terry, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, many forms of meditation have been explicitly designed with the goal of promoting inner harmony, and empirical studies have confirmed that meditation can indeed foster beneficial psychological and physiological states (Davidson et al, 2003). To the extent that discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem create inner turmoil (Briñol et al, 2006;Jordan et al, 2003;Zeigler-Hill & Terry, 2007), practices designed to harmonize mental life may enhance the correspondence between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Third, meditation has been found to increase EEG coherence, a neurological index of how well different brain areas are synchronized (e.g., Aftanas & Golocheikine, 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pulling yourself together: Meditation promotes congruence between implicit and explicit self-esteem

Koole

Govorun²,

Cheng

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

112

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“…Recently, Jordan and colleagues (Jordan, Spencer, & Zanna, 2005; Jordan, Spencer, 368 HOFMANN ET AL. Zanna, Hoshino-Browne, & Correll, 2003) showed that the combination of high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem is a strong predictor of defensive behaviour such as dissonance reduction, in-group bias, and discrimination. In a similar vein, Brin˜ol, Petty, and Wheeler (2002) demonstrated that people with high discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-conceptions (Studies 1 -3) or self-esteem (Study 4) exhibit a more thorough elaboration of discrepancy-related information than people with small discrepancies, suggesting that highly discrepant people may be motivated to reduce their potentially aversive self-inconsistencies by additional information integration.…”

Section: Implicit -Explicit Consistency 367mentioning

confidence: 99%

What moderates implicit—explicit consistency?

Hofmann¹,

Gschwendner²,

Nosek³

2005

European Review of Social Psychology

178

145

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Implicit and explicit indicators of attitudes or personality traits are positively, and variably, related. This review places the question of implicit -explicit consistency into the tradition of attitude/trait -behaviour consistency (e.g., Wicker, 1969). Drawing on dual-process models, such as the recent distinction between associative and propositional representations (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), we identify a working model of implicit -explicit consistency that organises the empirical evidence on implicit -explicit moderation into five factors: translation between implicit and explicit representations (e.g., representational strength, awareness), additional information integration for explicit representations (e.g., need for cognition), properties of explicit assessment (e.g., social desirability concerns), properties of implicit assessment (e.g., situational malleability), and research design factors (e.g., sampling bias, measurement correspondence).A significant proportion of psychological research over the last three decades concerns the automatic nature of information processing (Bargh, 1997;Khilstrom, 1999;Wegner & Bargh, 1998). Theory and empirical data have broadened notions of core psychological concepts like attitudes, stereotypes, self-concept, goals, personality, and self-esteem to include not Correspondence should be addressed to Wilhelm Hofmann, Fachbereich 8 -Psychologie Universita¨t Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany. Email: hofmannw@ uni-landau.de Preparation of this chapter was supported by a grant from the German Science Foundation (DFG) to Manfred Schmitt (Schm 1092/5-1) and by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to Brian Nosek (R01 MH-068447). We would like to thank Rainer Banse, Boris Egloff, Malte Friese, Bertram Gawronski, and Jane Thompson for valuable comments on an earlier version of this chapter.EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005, 16, 335 -390 2005 European Association of Experimental Social Psychology http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pp/10463283.html DOI: 10.1080/10463280500443228 just the explicit assessments that are products of introspection, but also implicit components of these constructs that may occur outside of conscious awareness or control (Asendorpf, Banse, & Mu¨cke, 2002;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000). Whereas implicit constructs are assumed to operate automatically and may be inaccessible to conscious experience, their explicit counterparts are conceptualised as reflective (conscious) and capacity-consuming mental representations that influence action through deliberation (e.g., Bargh, 1994;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). This distinction plays a role in a variety of dual-process theories that distinguish two modes of information processing such as implicit vs explicit (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;Wilson et al., 2000), automatic vs controlled (Bargh, 1994), impulsive vs reflective (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), and associative vs rule-based (Sloman, 1996;Smith & DeCoster, 2000). These theories share an assumpti...

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Secure and Defensive High Self-Esteem.

Cited by 490 publications

References 46 publications

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Pulling yourself together: Meditation promotes congruence between implicit and explicit self-esteem

What moderates implicit—explicit consistency?

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