Secure PD-NOMA with Multi-User Cooperation and User Clustering in Both Uplink and Downlink PD-NOMA

Abstract

The power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) scheme has gained tremendous interest with the multiple access behavior for fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication. Although the overall performance is improved through accurate power distribution among users’ signals, it depends on the user clustering strategy. Moreover, the PD-NOMA communication is not completely secured due to its broadcast nature, which is still a major problem. This paper presents a novel low-complexity short code-based technique utilized by the registered users and the 5G base station (gNodeB) for communication. By doing so, the PD-NOMA scheme is made secure from unregistered users or eavesdroppers. We proposed a three-step user clustering strategy that selects the best cluster among all the possible clusters to improve the overall performance. The proposed clustering strategy achieves a low outage probability in PD-NOMA systems. Moreover, it uses a multi-user decode and forward cooperative relaying scheme with PD-NOMA (Cop-PD-NOMA) to increase the coverage range of the gNodeB. In the multi-user Cop-PD-NOMA, the strong users (near users) are used as relay stations to aid the weak users (far users) by the decode and forward (D&F) technique. The proposed work provides a secure PD-NOMA network and the most effective user clustering approach during validation. The bit-error-rate (BER) comparisons demonstrate that multi-user cooperation outperforms single-user cooperation in Cop-PD-NOMA communication.

Zipf Distribution Power AllocationAapproach for NOMA Systems

“…The results assert that the complexity of the system increases along with the number of users. The author in [16] arbitrarily allocates power based on the distance between the user and the gNodB and calculates the BER performance for the four-user PD-NOMA uplink. The received signal power is more attenuated for the users located at a greater distance with lower channel gains than the others.…”

Directly Matching an MMIC Amplifier Integrated with MIMO Antenna through DNNs for Future Networks

“…Optimizing the function for linearity specification is somewhat complex and it requires additional efforts because ADS generates data for each frequency point. Hence, to facilitate the IMD computations, the average mean values (M) for the high and low sides of IMD levels are calculated for the third, fifth, and seventh orders as presented in (3)- (5). Afterwards, we propose using the 'Multivariate Newton's Method' [27] for providing the approximate function (i.e., representation) of linearity specification.…”

“…Future wireless communication systems, including the fifth and sixth generation (5G and 6G) technologies, are growing day-by-day, resulting in exponentially high traffic data [1][2][3][4][5][6]. To provide a reliable communication system, the overall performances of power amplifiers (PAs) and antenna as active and passive components play important roles [7][8][9][10].…”