“…Therefore, this technology has been considered in industrial and scientific fields in recent years (Adjabi, Ouahabi, Benzaoui, & Taleb-Ahmed, 2020). Facial recognition systems have many applications, such as identifying criminals, verifying identity cards, passport and credit card holders, and biometric control in banks, stores, and airports (Adámek, Matýsek, & Neumann, 2015). However, most known facial recognition systems are vulnerable to spoofing attacks.…”