Cyber physical system (CPS) applications are widely used to control critical infrastructure of various application domains, eg, medical health care, energy, and power, to name a few. Such applications usually take input data from sensors, estimate current state of the system, and then based on the estimation, make critical decisions to control the underlying infrastructure automatically. Therefore, security and integrity of the (system state) data are critically important to ensure safe operations of CPS. In this paper, we present a review of security of various data management systems used in CPS. Since CPS are composed of systems of (sub)systems that generate a huge amount of data (ie, periodical sensor input data), therefore, recently, NoSQL and NewSQL data management systems have emerged as popular data management systems to support efficient and scalable analysis of unstructured data. Unfortunately, these systems were not initially build for data security and thus are vulnerable to numerous security attacks. Considering flexible data model and efficient access methods in NoSQL and NewSQL, we discuss the security attacks on such data management systems and their corresponding solutions to mitigate them. In particular, we analyze the system and data security of popular NoSQL and NewSQL systems. To analyze that, we defined feature vectors for system and data security and compared the data systems against them. Finally, we propose security solutions for data management systems by identifying various security vulnerabilities in internal security algorithms of such systems.
KEYWORDSaccess control security, CPS, data integrity, data security
INTRODUCTIONIndustry 4.0 has led to the development of cyber physical systems (CPSs). A typical CPS consists of cyber and physical components, where cyber components are responsible for controlling physical components (respectively process) of an underlying critical infrastructure. The cyber components receive sensor data as an input to estimate current state of the physical components. Based on the state estimation, the cyber components make decisions (ie, issue commands) to change the state of the physical process. With the recent trend towards affordable sensors, fast communication networks, and better data acquisition methods, massive amount of data is generated by various sensors and autonomous resources in a CPS. This huge volume of data needs big data processing and management techniques. This introduces challenges related to the performance, security, reliability, scalability, and fault tolerance of a system. Since a CPS makes decision based on sensor input data, such data needs to be protected against various security attacks to ensure reliable and safe data operations. In this paper, we review the security of various data management systems that are used to store process data in a CPS. Modern CPS uses NoSQL and NewSQL systems to store data in order to assure reliable and efficient (ie, with strict time requirements) CPS operations. The increased data access has increa...