Security Sector Reform in Times of Democratic Reversal

Abstract

Security sector reform (SSR) and democratisation are closely linked in both theory and practice. The high levels of volatility that characterise democratisation processes, therefore, have direct implications for SSR strategy. We identify possible scenarios for SSR in the context of democratic reversals by focussing on two observations about this relationship: first, limited progress in SSR is still possible under conditions of democratic reversal; and second, certain systematic features characterise how SSR stalls as a result of democratic reversals. On the basis of these observations, we argue that a return to SSR following a democratic reversal holds specific challenges for reform and offer recommendations for how to frame SSR in such contexts as well as "secondchance" scenarios once the democratisation process resumes.

First Total Synthesis of ω-Phenyl Δ6 Fatty Acids and their Leishmanicidal and Anticancer Properties

“…mp. 33-36 °C; IR (neat) ν max : 3400-2500 (−CO 2 H), 3084 (=C-H), 3063 (=C-H), 3028 (=C-H), 2927, 2915, 2848, 1694 (C=O), 1604, 1495, 1462, 1454, 1433, 1412, 1320, 1264, 1207, 1198, 1026, 930, 904, 745, 727, 2, 140 (53), 117 (17), 104 (29), 91 (100), 80 (39), 67 (14), 55 (12). UPLC-HRMS (negative ion mode) Calcd for C 22 (1), 171(2), 154 (42), 131 (16), 117 17, 104 (33), 91 (100), 79 28, 74 24, 67 (18), 55 (12).…”

“…Cancer and leishmaniasis are diseases that are difficult to treat; both are afflictive and fatal without appropriate treatments [12]. During 2017, approximately 1.7 million new cancer cases and 0.6 million cancer related deaths were estimated in the United States alone [13].…”