Sedative and anticonvulsant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Equisetum arvense

Effects of hawthorn seed and pulp extracts on the central nervous system

“…Therefore, the substance(s) responsible for the analgesic activities must be found in higher concentrations in HSE than those in HPE. Some of the flavonoids, procyanidins, organic acids, tannins and triterpene derivatives detected in hawthorn extracts have been reported previously to possess anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic/ antinociceptive activities (Calixto et al, 2000;Dos Santos et al, 2005Harborne & Williams, 2000;Kang et al, 2000;Pérez-Ortega et al, 2008;Soulimani et al, 1997;Viana et al, 1997). The precise mechanisms underlying the analgesic action of flavonoids remain unclear, but the major component of this effect seems to be related to an opioid-like action, since there is a significant antagonism by naloxone (Kekesi et al, 2003;Maleki-Dizaji et al, 2007;Thirugnanasambantham et al, 1988Thirugnanasambantham et al, , 1990.…”

“…), procyanidins, organic acids, tannins, and triterpene derivatives (Baytop, 1999;Chang et al, 2002;European Pharmacopoeia, 2005;Orhan et al, 2007) have been reported as the major constituents of hawthorn fruit extracts. Among these compounds, several flavonoids, procyanidins, tannins, chlorogenic acid and various plants containing these constituents have been previously demonstrated to have anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic/antinociceptive activities by many investigators (Calixto et al, 2000;Dos Santos et al, 2005Harborne & Williams, 2000;Kang et al, 2000;Pérez-Ortega et al, 2008;Soulimani et al, 1997;Viana et al, 1997).…”

Anticonvulsant and hypnotic effects of amiodarone

“…Latency time as second (s) and sleeping time as minute (min) were measured (Dos Santos et al, 2005).…”

The pharmacology of Equisetum arvense- A review

“…In the pentylenetetrazoleseizure, it increased the first convulsion latency, diminished the severity of convulsions, reduced the percentage of animals which developed convulsion (50% and 25% respectively) and protected animals from death. However, in the elevated plus maze, the doses 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg did not affect the evaluated parameters [57]. The ethanolic extract of Equisetum arvense (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased the time-spent and the percentage of the open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze model, the effect was comparable to diazepam.…”

“…The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that the plant contained alkaloids, carbohydrate, proteins and amino acids, phytosterols, saponins, sterols, ascorbic acid, silicic acid, phenol , tannin flavonoids and triterpenoids [56][57][58][59].The plant contained silicic acid, tartaric acid, methyl esters of protocatechuic, caffeic acids isoquercitrin, apigenin and kaempferol as phenolic compounds [58,[60][61][62].Stem contained silicic acid and silicates (5-8%), calcium (1.3%), potassium (1.8%) and other minerals such as aluminium, sulphur, phosphorus, sodium, zinc, magnesium and manganese [63][64][65][66]. Alkaloids such as nicotine, palustrine and palustrinine were isolated from the plant [67].…”