Sedimentology of pliocene molasse sediments of the mesopotamian geosyncline

Characteristic features and structural evolution of a post collisional basin: The Sivas Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey

“…Both lateral and vertical facies changes of shallow-marine (locally hemipelagic) and continental deposits are common. Sedimantary structures indicate that the basin fill is not deep marine flysch, but instead a shallow marine molasse comparable to that described by Kukal and Al-Jassim (1971) from the Mesopotamian Area. In this respect, the Sivas Basin appears to have had a setting similar to the Persian Gulf today during the Oligocene-Miocene times.…”

“…Volcanism occurred in shallow-marine and continental environments and without subsequent metamorphism of the infill. Hence, this infill is similar to shallow marine molasse deposition as defined by Kukal and Al-Jassim (1971) and Miall (1981). Subdivision into subbasins by the oblique faults, along with left lateral strike slip, is dominant.…”

“…Hence, the Sivas Basin is of post-collisional origin and may be a peripheral or foredeep basin according to the classification of Dickinson (1974) and Miall (1981). The sedimentary infill of the basin is made up of molasse (Kukal and Al-Jassim, 1971) with shallow marine interbeds and is divided into four subbasins by left lateral oblique fault zones with reverse components (Fig. 1).…”

Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Zarloukh Bentonite −Tuff deposit, Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq: implications for genesis and geotectonics

“…Meanwhile, its upper contact with the Bai-Hassan (Upper Bakhtiyari) Formation is marked by the first appearance of the coarse-grained conglomerate beds which were eroded in many parts and instead occupied by Quaternary mixed river deposits. According to Kukal and Jassim (1971), the Muqdadiya Formation represents mollase sediments formed during the closing stages of the Zagros orogenic movement during Miocene-Pliocene period and deposited in fluviatile environments.…”

Detrital chromian spinels from Miocene and Holocene sediments of northern Iraq: provenance implications

“…continental) sedimentation. These sediments were derived from the rapid erosion of the uplifted Taurus-Zagros Mountains and their deposition in fluviatile and lacustrine environments in foothill troughs (Kukal and Al-Jassim 1971).…”