Seed Coat Structural Differences that Influence Water Uptake and Seed Quality in Hard Seed Cotton<sup>1</sup>

Christiansen, M. N.; Moore, R. P.

doi:10.2134/agronj1959.00021962005100100003x

Cited by 45 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…The formation of the sida seed blister probably corresponds to events previously described in other seeds (Christiansen and Moore, 1959;Dell, 1980;Hagon and Ballard 1970;La Croix and Staniforth, 1964).The heatinduced strophiolar plugs of Albizia lophantha (Dell, 1980) appear to similarly function in imbibition. The plug, an area of palisade, must be shed before the seed can imbibe water and germinate.…”

Section: C)supporting

confidence: 71%

“…Seed coat treatments-Since the chalazal area was implicated as a probable site of initial water entry into seeds of two other species of the Malvaceae, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) (Christiansen and Moore, 1959;La Croix and Staniforth, 1964;Simpson, Adams and Stone, 1940;Winter, 1960), we investigated this area in prickly sida seeds. Cuticles and seed surface material over the chalazal area were removed by careful scraping with a dull probe.…”

Section: C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Palisade swelling (blister formation) was observed in cotton (Christiansen and Moore, 1959) and in velvetleaf (La Croix and Staniforth, 1964), although the morphology of these regions was not studied to any great extent. Christiansen and Moore (1959) reported that the palisade layer separated from the underlying chalazal cap in the chalazal region of cotton seeds as water entered and moved laterally between the layers. They concluded that, in hard cotton seeds, a seal between the palisade and cap prevented imbibition.…”

Section: C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological Observations on the Early Imbibition of Water by Sida spinosa (Malvaceae) Seed

RNJr

1981

American Journal of Botany

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The chalazal area is confirmed as the site of initial water entry into prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) seeds. Very early during imbibition of water, a kidney-shaped area of the seed coat separates from underlying cells forming a blister. This blister may also be induced in dry seeds (both afterripened and nonafterripened) when pressure is applied to the chalazal area. Blisters form more readily on afterripened seeds than on nonafterripened seeds, however, and the event is correlated with an increase in seed coat permeability to water. Immediately beneath the palisade layer of the blister lies a single layer of subpalisade cells. This layer is observed only in the region of blister formation. As the blister separates, the end walls of the subpalisade cells remain attached to the floor of the palisade layer. The subpalisade cells are thereby broken open, and their contents disgorged into the blister lumen. Evidence indicates that this separation of the palisade and subpalisade layers in the chalazal area initiates imbibition of water by prickly sida seeds.

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Section: C)supporting

confidence: 71%

Section: C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological Observations on the Early Imbibition of Water by Sida spinosa (Malvaceae) Seed

RNJr

1981

American Journal of Botany

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“…Although neither the localization within the seedcoat nor the ultrastructure of suberin was examined in the present case, it is probable that at least the chalazal region of the green cotton seedcoat is more heavily suberized than the corresponding region of white cotton. This possibility is supported by an earlier report that the seeds of wild, but not domestic, cotton have a water-repellent deposit over the chalazal region of the seedcoat (1). Such suberization could also explain the observed 3-fold difference in imbibition rate between seeds ofthe green and white varieties.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Ultrastructural and Chemical Evidence That the Cell Wall of Green Cotton Fiber Is Suberized

Yatsu¹,

Espelie²,

Kolattukudy³

1983

Plant Physiol.

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Green cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers were shown by electron microscopy to have numerous thin concentric rings around the lumen of the cell. These rings possessed a lamellar fine structure characteristic of suberin. LiA1D4 depolymerization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of a suberin polymer in the green cotton with the major aliphatic monomers being w-hydroxydocosanoic acid (70%) and docosanedoic acid (25%). Ordinary white cotton was shown by chemical and ultrastructural examination to be encircled by a thin cuticular polymer containing less than 0.5% of the aliphatic components found in green cotton.Ordinary white cotton is thought to be derived from cotton with green or brown-colored fibers (14). Green cotton fibers are quite distinct from white fibers in that they have a smoother texture and they contain 14 to 17% organic solvent extractable material compared to the 0.6% extractables found in white cotton (2). We present here a combined ultrastructural and chemical analysis which indicates that the fibers of green cotton contain a suberin polymer laid down in a series of concentric rings within the cell wall. Preliminary results were contained in a poster presentation (16). MATERIALS AND METHODSCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds from an unknown green linted accession from the Regional Collection at Stoneville, Mississippi and ordinary white cotton cv Acala SJ-1 were planted on the grounds at the Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, and bolls from these plants were picked just before they ripened (dehiscence). Portions of seedcoats with attendant fiber cells were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde prepared in 50 mm cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) that contained one drop of Triton X-100 per 50 ml of fixative. After fixation overnight, the tissues were rinsed in cacodylate buffer and post-fixed in 1% OsO4 dissolved in 50 mm cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0). The Green cotton and ordinary white cotton fibers were extracted with CHCI3 and then with CH30H in a Soxhlet extractor, powdered with a Wig-L-Bug amalgamator, extracted again with CHCI3 and then with CH30H. Portions (0.5 g) of each sample were depolymerized with LiA1D4 and the released monomers were recovered, trimethylsilyl derivatives were prepared and analyzed by combined GC-MS (Hewlett Packard 5840A/5985) as described previously (13). The first Soxhlet extract of the cotton fibers was used for wax analysis (6).Seeds ofboth green and ordinary white cotton were thoroughly delinted and imbibition was measured by determining the weight gain at hourly intervals for 24 h (5). Seed coats were removed, dried, Soxhlet extracted, powdered, extracted again, depolymerized and analyzed by GC-MS as above.Portions (1.0 g) of powdered and extracted green and white cotton fibers were subjected to alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation and the phenolic aldehydes which were released were derivatized, analyzed by GC-MS and quantitated by comparing the intensities of the characteristic ions of authentic vanillin acetate (M+-42, m/...

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“…The strophiole appears to be a very important structure in controlling the entry of water into hard seeds especially in the family Fabaceae (Mayer and Poljakoff-Mayber, 1975), though the chalaza has been implicated in some plants (Christiansen and Moore, 1959;Spurny, 1973). Unfortunately the term has been used widely to identify growths on the funiculus (Fahn, 1975) or warty growths on the hilum [Vol.…”

Section: Development Of Seed Coat-grossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Function of the Strophiolar Plug in Seeds of Albizia lophantha

Dell

1980

American Journal of Botany

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. ABSTRACTEntry of water into the testa of hard seeds of Albizia lophantha (WilId.) Benth. is controlled by a small strophiolar plug (0.3 x 0.25 mm), adjacent to the hilum, which is lost by eruption after heating. Movement of water through the testa is facilitated by the vascular bundle which arches close to the strophiole. Each seed imbibes 90 to 110 p] of water. This water enters the testa with an average flux of 165 pl/mm2/hr. Development of the testa is described with particular relevance to the strophiolar plug and associated tissues. bizia ALBIZIA section Lophan-tha (Fosberg, 1965) is mainly tropical in distribution with one species, Abizia lophantha (Willd.) Benth., an outlier in the temperate forests of south west Western Australia. This small mesophytic understorey leguminous tree some 4-5 m high has a frequency of distribution governed by periodicity of fire. Seeds, which are shed in January, germinate in ash beds after exposure to fire. Because the hard seed coat is impenetrable to water less the 5% of each seed crop germinates without heat. This paper describes the mechanism in this species by which hardseededness is overcome by heat allowing imbibition to occur. Water uptake in Albizia is discussed in relation to published accounts of other hard legume seeds.MATERIALS AND METHODS-Plant material-Immature and mature seeds were obtained from plants in the jarrah forest near Perth and from specimens originally collected near the Pallinup River, Western Australia. Imbibition and germination-Seeds routinely were placed in boiling water for 2 min. All measurements were carried out on seeds imbibed at 25 C. Increase in weight of testa and embryo was measured by harvesting seeds at intervals after imbibition had commenced.Microscopy-Seeds were fixed in 2-5% glutaraldehyde in 0.03M PO4 buffer, at pH 7 for 12-24 hr at room temperature. The material was dehydrated and embedded in glycol methacrylate after Feder and O'Brien (1968). Sec-1

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Seed Coat Structural Differences that Influence Water Uptake and Seed Quality in Hard Seed Cotton¹

Cited by 45 publications

References 2 publications

Morphological Observations on the Early Imbibition of Water by Sida spinosa (Malvaceae) Seed

Morphological Observations on the Early Imbibition of Water by Sida spinosa (Malvaceae) Seed

Ultrastructural and Chemical Evidence That the Cell Wall of Green Cotton Fiber Is Suberized

Structure and Function of the Strophiolar Plug in Seeds of Albizia lophantha

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Seed Coat Structural Differences that Influence Water Uptake and Seed Quality in Hard Seed Cotton1

Cited by 45 publications

References 2 publications

Morphological Observations on the Early Imbibition of Water by Sida spinosa (Malvaceae) Seed

Morphological Observations on the Early Imbibition of Water by Sida spinosa (Malvaceae) Seed

Ultrastructural and Chemical Evidence That the Cell Wall of Green Cotton Fiber Is Suberized

Structure and Function of the Strophiolar Plug in Seeds of Albizia lophantha

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Seed Coat Structural Differences that Influence Water Uptake and Seed Quality in Hard Seed Cotton¹