Seed Weights of Varieties of Birds Foot Trefoil as Affecting Seedling Growth

Henson, Paul R.; Tayman, L. A.

doi:10.2135/cropsci1961.0011183x000100040026x

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Thus, Hicks and Dabney (1897) reviewed the "superior value of large, heavy seeds" in a number of crop-plant species, showing that in each case larger seeds produced faster root and shoot growth in the seedlings. Henson and Layman (1961) provided similar data for the single species Lotus corniculatus L. Black (1957Black ( , 1958, in an extensive study of the relationship between seed weight and seedling growth in Trifolium subterraneum L., showed how such a difference in shoot growth may be significant in intraspecific competition. Baker (unpub.…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

Seed Weight in Relation to Environmental Conditions in California

Baker¹

1972

Ecology

709

509

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Analyses of the California flora involving nearly 2,500 taxa are presented which show that there are correlations between the weights of individual seeds and environmental conditions in which their producers normally grow. These differences in seed weight appear to be adaptive and result from compromises between increased nutrition of the seedling which would result from larger food reserves in heavier seeds and increased dispersibility and increased reproductive output which are provided when smaller seeds are produced in larger numbers. Literature and experiments show a general positive correlation between seed weights and rates of shoot and root growth, at least within species. Herbs (annual and perennial), shrubs and trees are necessarily treated separately in the calculations in this paper (for seed weights increase progressively in a series from annual herb to tree when to California flora or any particular community type within it are considered). Raw seed weights are reduced to a series of classes (on a logarithmic basis) before means for floras or community types are calculated. Generalizations arrived at from considerations of "native" species in "natural" plant communities are confirmed by their applicability to "introduced" species now forming various kinds of "weed" communities in California. Finally, species lists from actual stand analyses, including both "native" and "introduced" species, are utilized to provide the data for more precise analyses. For herbaceous plants, seed weights are higher, on the average, for taxa whose seedlings are exposed to the risk of drought soon after establishment (giving faster root—development). Such a relationship can be demonstrated for species of a single genus or, on a combination basis, for community types as a whole and can be put on a quantitative basis by subjectively ordinating community types (in relation to the likelihood of drought stress hitting the seedlings) and making rank correlations with mean seed weight for each community type. The relation holds even for desert communities (where large—seeded perennials produce large root—systems but small—seeded ephemerals complete at least their seedling development in temporarily mesic conditions). In coastal communities, the importance of wind—dispersal of the seeds of species whose seedlings become established in rock crevices outweighs any droughtiness of the habitat in favoring smaller seeds than typify the community types generally. Correlations of herb seed—weight with likelihood of seedlings becoming established in shade or in conditions of severe competition are less marked for California than Salisbury found them to be in England. For shrubs, shading and competitive stress appear to be more influential factors in promoting increased mean seed weight but for trees moisture availability again appears to be most important. Another kind of correlation is established; between mean seed weight and altitude at which the plants occur. With decreasing length of the growing season as Californian mountains are a...

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mentioning

confidence: 74%

Seed Weight in Relation to Environmental Conditions in California

Baker¹

1972

Ecology

709

509

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“…Black (1956Black ( , 1957a reported that seed weight of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was positively related to the rate of hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon area (important for emergence and seedling development). Two independent studies on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) reported better emergence and superior vigor of lots with large seeds (Henson and Tayman 1961;Stickler and Wassom 1963). Similarly, following deep planting, large-seeded grasses emerge better than small-seeded grasses (Kalton et al 1959).…”

Section: Influence Of Seed Size and Depth Of Planting On Emergence Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of research progress on cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.)

Acharya¹,

Kastelic²,

Beauchemin³

et al. 2006

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 2006. A review of research progress on cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 86: 49-62. This review of cicer milkvetch includes both published and unpublished information regarding crop and seed characteristics, seed treatments, breeding, agronomic practices and nutritional value for livestock. Cicer milkvetch is a long-lived perennial, acid-and drought-tolerant crop providing high-quality forage throughout the growing season. It does not cause bloat in ruminants. Although it has caused photosensitization in ruminants, this was apparently due to specific environmental conditions and the cultivar used. Cicer milkvetch is compatible with other forage crops in mixed stands and is particularly suitable for pasture. Although the crop has many good qualities and was introduced in North America approximately 75 yr ago, it has not been utilized extensively, primarily due to slow establishment. However, stand establishment has been improved by elucidation of seed and seedling characteristics, followed by selection for heavy seed, rate of emergence, and mature plant vigor. Improved cultivars, developed through recurrent selection for rapid establishment, are now available. Seed scarification, inoculation with rhizobia, and shallow seeding into a pre-packed, warm seedbed are of great importance in cicer milkvetch establishment. Seeding later in the spring (without a companion crop) increases the probability of successful establishment of genetically improved cultivars. Development of cultivars with upright growth characteristics and long-term persistence under grazing stress, improved scarification techniques (to reduce seed loss), and a seeding protocol for successful establishment of the crop, have the potential to substantially increase utilization of this important forage legume. Cette revue bibliographique englobe l'information connue et inédite sur les caractéristiques de la plante et de la graine, les traitements grainiers, l'hybridation, les pratiques agronomiques et la valeur nutritive de cette culture pour le bétail. L'astragale est une vivace longévive qui tolère bien les sols acides et la sécheresse; elle produit un fourrage de haute qualité pendant toute la période végétative. Elle n'entraîne pas le météorisme chez les ruminants. La photosensibilisation qu'elle engendre à l'occasion chez eux semble résulter de certaines conditions environnementales ainsi que du cultivar employé. L'astragale est compatible avec d'autres plantes fourragères dans les peuplements mixtes et se prête particulièrement bien aux pâturages. En dépit de ses nombreuses qualités et de son introduction en Amérique du Nord il y a près de 75 ans, l'astragale n'est pas énormément utilisée, principalement parce qu'elle prend du temps à s'implanter. On peut néan-moins améliorer l'établissement de la culture en triant les semences et les plantules d'après leurs propriétés puis en sélectionnant les plants pour une production abondante de graines, le taux de levée et la vigueur des plants adultes. On trouve désormais sur le ma...

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“…For almost a century, agricultural researchers have examined the relationship between seed size and plant growth, but a consistent pattern has not emerged. While some studies report that larger seeds produce competitively superior seedlings (Galloway 1894, Hicks and Dabney 1897, Rotunno 1924, Black 1958, Henson and Tayman 1961, Stickler and Wassom 1963, others conclude that the early growth advantage of large seeds is subsequently lost (Oexemann 1941, Erickson 1946, Beveridge and Wilsie 1959, Cope 1966. Such inconsistency creates the impression that seed-size variation is ecologically irrelevant and therefore unworthy of study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed Variation in Wild Radish: Effect of Seed Size on Components of Seedling and Adult Fitness

Stanton¹

1984

Ecology

501

334

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Seed mass in wild radius (Raphanus raphanistrum) varies up to sixfold within single fruits. The impact of such variation on subsequent growth and fecundity was studied. Seeds from single fruits were used to minimize genetic differences among individuals. Weighed seeds were planted close together in a disturbed area typical of Raphanus habitats. Large seeds (>6 mg) were more likely to emerge as seedlings than were small seeds (<4 mg). Seed size had no effect on emergence time. Seedlings from large seeds grew more rapidly and produced more flowers than did those from related smaller seeds. Results from the field experiment contrasted with those obtained in greenhouse growth studies, where seed size had no significant effect on final plant size. This study points out two factors that have led to inconsistent results in previous studies of seed size and seedling success: (1) differences in the timing of growth measurements, and (2) the presence or absence of competitive inequities among neighbors within the experimental design.

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Seed Weights of Varieties of Birds Foot Trefoil as Affecting Seedling Growth

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Seed Weight in Relation to Environmental Conditions in California

Seed Weight in Relation to Environmental Conditions in California

A review of research progress on cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.)

Seed Variation in Wild Radish: Effect of Seed Size on Components of Seedling and Adult Fitness

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