Seed yield and subsequent emergence pattern of subterranean clover cultivars in response to summer rain

Teixeira, Carmen S. P.; Lucas, Richard J.; Moot, Derrick J.

doi:10.33584/jnzg.2018.80.320

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Trifolium subterraneum L., commonly known as subterranean clover, is an annual herb adapted to Mediterranean climates with mild winters and warm, dry summers (Zohary and Heller, ). It is vastly distributed in meadows, prairies, and semi‐deserts in Australia, New Zealand, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, western USA, and South Africa (Smetham, ; Teixeira, Lucas, & Moot, ), and it is mainly used for grazing. This species is characterised by its negative geotropism that fosters underground legume development (Smetham, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenological stages ofMediterraneanforage legumes, based on the BBCH scale

Enríquez-Hidalgo

Cruz

Teixeira

et al. 2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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One of the most widespread methodologies used to describe phenological stages in plants was developed by the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH). The BBCH scale utilises a decimal-code system that divides plant phenological stages into a binary code composed of the principal and the secondary stages. This system has been extensively used to describe the phenological stages of diverse species, but there is no phenological description that can aid researchers in defining the duration of phenological stages of annual Mediterranean forage legumes that present different growth habits. The development of a precise phenological scale for forages enables the determination of grazing management strategies to attain a desired forage yield and quality as to precisely define the timing of agronomical practices. We have adapted the BBCH decimal-code scale for Medicago polymorpha, Trifolium alexandrinum, Trifolium subterraneum, and Vicia benghalensis. The scale consists of 10 main stages with specific secondary stages.Descriptive keys with illustrations will help identify any particular phenological stage for each species. The scales presented here will aid researchers and the agricultural community in clearly defining the timing of agronomical practices, such as the appropriate time for grazing/harvest of these species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenological stages ofMediterraneanforage legumes, based on the BBCH scale

Enríquez-Hidalgo

Cruz

Teixeira

et al. 2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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“…Over the three harvests, total sub clover yield was 4220 kg DM/ha in the control and ~5500 kg DM/ha Table 3 Sub clover emergence scale used at Iversen 9, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. Adapted from Teixeira et al (2018). in the imazethapyr and flumetsulam treatments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When seedling re-establishment was measured on 21 Feb 2019 there was no difference in seedling population among cultivars. There was 51 mm of rainfall from 1 Jan-21 Feb 2019, with the 21.2 mm of rain on 14 January being sufficient for germination to occur (Teixeira et al 2018). All cultivars, apart from 'Antas', had above the recommended minimum of 1000 plants/ m 2 required to establish a pure sub clover sward (Smetham 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plots were then sprayed with 5 L/ha of Buster ® (200 g a.i./L glufosinate-ammonium, Bayer) to kill all seedlings to quantify any further emergence. By March 2019, it was too difficult to count individual seedlings and plots were visually assessed using a 0-6 scale (Table 3) adapted from Teixeira et al (2018). Plots were categorised by cultivar as there were no observable differences among herbicide treatments and seedling numbers were high.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Yield of subterranean clover after post-emergence herbicide application for broadleaf weed control

Taylor

Hofmann

Moot

2020

Journal of NZ Grasslands

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A field experiment was established in Lincoln, Canterbury in autumn 2018 to evaluate the effect of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides on subterraneun (sub) clover. Two herbicides, imazethapyr and flumetsulam, were applied to seven sub clover cultivars at the 4-5 trifoliate leaf stage during July 2018. By December 2018, both herbicides had reduced the broadleaf weed yield by 1000 kg DM/ha. Sub clover herbage yield in spring (3 Oct 2018) increased only for ‘Antas’ and ‘Napier’ cultivars but all cultivars had an increase in total annual herbage yield when herbicides were applied. Plots were managed for seed set so re-establishment was examined. Imazethapyr had a longer residual than flumetsulam with greater control of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) eight months after application. Herbicide application had no effect on subsequent sub clover emergence the following year. This experiment demonstrated the potential to establish a pure sward of sub clover with the use of ALS inhibiting herbicides, which could be used to create a high legume base in pasture before overdrilling grass the following year.

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“…Subterranean clover germination only occurred after a rainfall event of at least 20 mm. "False strikes", also known as "false breaks" (Taylor et al 1991), result from summer or early autumn rainfall followed by dry conditions , and the germinated seed does not receive sufficient moisture to survive (Teixeira et al 2018). In 2016 a successful germination and establishment happened immediately after sowing in mid-February (36 mm rainfall over 2 days) and the subterranean clover growing season lasted about 9 months, ending in November (Figure 1).…”

Section: Soil Chemical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment, production and regeneration of subterranean clovers in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand

Olykan

Lucas

Teixeira

et al. 2018

Journal of NZ Grasslands

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The ‘Red Flats’ on Omarama Station in the Mackenzie Basin, has a winter cold, summer dry environment and soils with low plant available water (<60 mm in the top 1 m), and low pH(H2O) (5.2) and high aluminium (8 mg/kg) below 75 mm. The site received 3 t of lime, 300 kg sulphur-super, boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) and herbicides to eliminate hieracium (Hieracium pilosella). Twelve cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneaum), ‘Bolta’ balansa clover (T. michelianum), and perennial ‘Rossi’ red clover (T. pratense), were direct-drilled in February 2016. Over the next 3 years their frost tolerance, productivity and persistence were compared with the resident haresfoot clover (T. arvense). Balansa and the subterranean clovers all survived the 2016 and 2017 winters. The subterranean clovers maximum yield was 4.3 t DM/ ha after successful germination in February 2016 when sufficient rain extended the spring growing season into November. Subterranean clover cultivars from subspecies subterraneum yielded well in 2016, averaging 3.3 t DM/ha, as did the brachycalycinum ‘Antas’ with 3 t DM/ha. During the short season of 2017, the subterraneum ssp. cultivars ‘Denmark’ and ‘Karridale’ established the highest ground covers and ‘Antas’ the lowest. In 2018, ‘Antas’ had the lowest emergence rate and autumn yield. ‘Karridale’ had the highest re-establishment rate and the yanninicum ‘Trikkala’ the highest autumn yield (1.3 t DM/ha). Cultivars with low hardseededness ratings were the most successful at re-establishment in autumn 2017. Balansa clover was also persistent. In the favourable 2016 growing season the late-flowering resident haresfoot clover grew into early summer and yielded 3.7 t DM/ha. Red clover yielded 1 t DM/ha in 2016, but did not persist. Results suggest that medium-late flowering softer seeded subterranean clover cultivars and ‘Bolta’ balansa clover, are suitable for this environment.

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Seed yield and subsequent emergence pattern of subterranean clover cultivars in response to summer rain

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

Phenological stages ofMediterraneanforage legumes, based on the BBCH scale

Phenological stages ofMediterraneanforage legumes, based on the BBCH scale

Yield of subterranean clover after post-emergence herbicide application for broadleaf weed control

Establishment, production and regeneration of subterranean clovers in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand

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