Seeds, soil and social connections: growing community in community gardens

Abstract

Research shows that community gardens (CGs) can improve the physical, social, and mental wellbeing of individuals and communities, particularly in low-income and historically underserved neighborhoods. While researchers have documented numerous individual and collective benefits gained through participation in CGs, there are few studies that address the barriers faced during the developmental stages of CGs in terms of social dynamics that can impede longevity. In order for Extension agents, urban planners, community leaders and other stakeholders to successfully develop CGs that serve the needs of their respective stakeholders, they must be able to assist CGs in overcoming barriers to group collaboration, strengthening and expanding social networks, and securing access to essential resources. Knowing the different types of social relationships, such as close and friendly ones among peers in the garden and more distant and complicated ones with outside agencies, and the role they play in the development and maintenance of CGs helps provide solutions for overcoming barriers to success. This study uses social capital theory to examine how social networks may facilitate and/or hinder resource mobilization for community garden development and longevity. Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and participant observations engaged CG members and stakeholders throughout Florida to share their insights and experiences of participating in CG projects. Findings revealed participants' perceptions of the benefits and barriers of community gardens, motivations for participation, and perspectives on variables that influence CGs' success. Findings suggest that all three types of social capital, Bonding, Bridging and Linking, play an essential role in the successful development and longevity of CGs. Bonding capital is the glue that holds the garden together, as it represents the internal relationships that are fostered between the individuals engaged in establishing and maintaining a CG. Bridging capital is the channel through which CGs gain access to critical resources external to the garden itself, such as education, gardening materials, and volunteer labor. Linking capital, the most challenging type of social capital to establish, can help ensure longevity for a CG by achieving buy-in from powerful institutions such as local government officials and/or grantors. This research has policy implications for government agencies, community development efforts, the non-profit sector, and Cooperative Extension. These stakeholders that wish for CGs to succeed and thrive can recognize and strengthen the relationships SN Soc Sci (2021) 1:244 244 Page 2 of 22among CG members at each level of social capital, primarily by reducing obstacles. Recommendations for policy changes and use of best practices are discussed.