“…Unlike urban planning, which focuses on the spatial pattern of cities, this study highlights the spatial representation of human behavior and economic and social activities from a geographical perspective. Currently, the identification of the urban spatial structure focuses mostly on three facets: first, a model analysis and statistical testing approach are used to incorporate location information and spatial distance into the research framework of spatial structure identification based on statistical indicators such as population size and employment-population density (Li, 2020;Veneri, 2018;Garcia-Lopez et al, 2020;Luo et al, 2021). Second, identifying urban spatial information based on the multisource remote sensing data, including Landsat, MODIS, SPOT, DMSP-OLS, and other remote sensing data (Yang et al, 2022), is performed to help researchers identify urban boundaries and structures more objectively and accurately (Yang et al, 2021a;Dembski et al, 2021;He et al, 2021;Hajrasouliha and Hamidi, 2017).…”