Seismo-Acoustic Energy Partitioning at Near-Source and Local Distances from the 2011 Sayarim Explosions in the Negev Desert, Israel

Bonner, Jessie L.; Waxler, Roger; Gitterman, Yefim; Hofstetter, Rami

doi:10.1785/0120120181

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The shift of the peak velocity occurring in the negative (compression) direction in conjunction with the frequency analysis indi cates the presence of an influencing wave front caused by fluid flow, akin to wind effects on acoustical propagation (Bonner et al ), occurring within the soil skeleton. This wave front is hypothesized as the dynamic pore fluid as it exhibits traits simi lar to known filtration behaviour of water in sands with the similar dominant frequencies as the transverse and radial direc tions and a peak velocity on the order of 1.0e ‐3 m/s, as related to the soil’s permeability.…”

Section: Presence Of Dynamic Pore Fluidmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Seismic arrays are utilized globally to persistently monitor subsurface events, spanning a variety of technologies from permanently emplaced borehole seismometer networks to monitor earthquakes (Chapman ), to mobile and tempo rarily deployed oil and gas land‐streamer geophone survey rigs (Tsoflias et al ). Through careful analysis, these seismic arrays can forensically investigate events of interest, such as discrimination of nuclear and chemical explosions (Stump et al ), pipeline explosions (Koper et al ), and even military events (Bonner et al ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partially saturated soil causing significant variability in near surface seismic signals

Taylor

McKenna

Kelley

et al. 2013

Near Surface Geophysics

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The behaviour of dry, moist, and saturated soils has been studied for over a century without ade quately investigating the behaviour associated with transient saturation in the near surface, i.e. the upper 1 m of overburden, including the effects of rapid meteorological changes, dynamic fluid flow, and variability of saturation on shallow seismic sensors. This paper presents observational data wherein the geophysical instrumentation response was significantly influenced by near‐surface post‐precipitation saturation and additional laboratory experimentation on the effects of satu ration on shear wave velocity. The lack of partially‐saturated data is primarily because transient meteorological events have not been critically important to the types of long‐term deployments performed in the past, where sensors were situated in hard‐rock, collecting data under idealized conditions, as opposed to sedimentary settings. Shorter‐duration deployments and smaller system architectures, e.g. persistent monitoring, now necessitate detailed a priori knowledge of meteoro logical impacts to system design and performance. The purpose of this persistent monitoring geophysical instrumentation is to continually monitor the near surface and relate small perturbations to a specific source type(s) and distance(s) from the receiver. As such, the received signal is compared to known sources within a predetermined geo logical/meteorological condition. Presented herein is the calibration signal generated by a 3.63‐kg (8‐lb) sledgehammer prior to and post 36 hours of steady precipitation. The resulting subsurface seismic velocity time‐histories show a significant increase in signal amplitude, change in fre quency content and no change in duration. Thus, the amplification effects of near‐surface moisture variability combined with dynamic pore fluid could be interpreted as false positives of a specific source signature and/or instrument failure.

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Section: Presence Of Dynamic Pore Fluidmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partially saturated soil causing significant variability in near surface seismic signals

Taylor

McKenna

Kelley

et al. 2013

Near Surface Geophysics

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“…Explosions near this interface excite overpressure motions in the atmosphere and seismic motions in the solid earth. These phenomena received interest recently and are together referred to as seismoacoustics (Arrowsmith et al, 2010;Bonner et al, 2013). This study aims to develop a quantitative understanding of seismoacoustic energy partitioning with the ultimate goal of developing methodologies to estimate the yield (W) and emplacement of near-surface explosions from measurements of the seismoacoustic wavefield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partitioning of Seismoacoustic Energy and Estimation of Yield and Height-of-Burst/Depth-of-Burial for Near-Surface Explosions

Ford

Rodgers

et al. 2014

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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Explosions near the Earth's surface excite both seismic ground motions and atmospheric overpressure. The energy transferred to the ground and atmosphere from a near-surface explosion depends on yield (W) as well as the height-of-burst/ depth-of-burial (HOB/DOB) for above/belowground emplacements. We report analyses of seismic and overpressure motions from the Humble Redwood series of low-yield, near-surface chemical explosions with the aim of developing quantitative models of energy partitioning and a methodology to estimate W and HOB/DOB. The effects of yield, HOB, and range on amplitudes can be cast into separable functions of range and HOB scaled by yield. We find that displacement of the initial P wave and the integral of the positive overpressure (impulse) are diagnostic of W and HOB with minimal scatter. An empirical model describing the dependence of seismic and air-blast measurements on W, HOB/DOB, and range is determined and model parameters are found by regression. We find seismic amplitudes for explosions of a given yield emplaced at or above the surface are reduced by a factor of 3 relative to fully contained explosions below ground. Air-blast overpressure is reduced more dramatically, with impulse reduced by a factor of 100 for deeply buried explosions relative to surface blasts. Our signal models are used to invert seismic and overpressure measurements for W and HOB and we find good agreement (W errors < 30%, HOB within meters) with groundtruth values for four noncircular validation tests. Although there is a trade-off between W and HOB for a single seismic or overpressure measurement, the use of both measurement types allows us to largely break this trade-off and better constrain W and HOB. However, both models lack resolution of HOB for aboveground explosions.

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“…By the time of the 76.8 t explosion on 26 January, a low altitude (about 800 m) wind jet flowing toward the southeast had developed. This wind jet was of great significance for the near‐field [ Bonner et al ., ]. At higher altitudes, the jet stream had increased to about 75 m/s, and the stratospheric jet had turned slightly to the north.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More detailed analysis and discussion of the near‐field pressure data and explosion source are discussed in Bonner et al . [] and Gitterman and Hofstetter []…”

Section: Explosion Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the 2009 and 2011 Sayarim Infrasound Calibration Experiments

et al. 2013

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Three large‐scale infrasound calibration experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2011 to test the International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound network and provide ground truth data for infrasound propagation studies. Here we provide an overview of the deployment, detonation, atmospheric specifications, infrasound array observations, and propagation modeling for the experiments. The experiments at the Sayarim Military Range, Israel, had equivalent TNT yields of 96.0, 7.4, and 76.8 t of explosives on 26 August 2009, 24 January 2011, and 26 January 2011, respectively. Successful international collaboration resulted in the deployment of numerous portable infrasound arrays in the region to supplement the IMS network and increase station density. Infrasound from the detonations is detected out to ~3500 km to the northwest in 2009 and ~6300 km to the northeast in 2011, reflecting the highly anisotropic nature of long‐range infrasound propagation. For 2009, the moderately strong stratospheric wind jet results in a well‐predicted set of arrivals at numerous arrays to the west‐northwest. A second set of arrivals is also apparent, with low celerities and high frequencies. These arrivals are not predicted by the propagation modeling and result from unresolved atmospheric features. Strong eastward tropospheric winds (up to ~70 m/s) in 2011 produce high‐amplitude tropospheric arrivals recorded out to >1000 km to the east. Significant eastward stratospheric winds (up to ~80 m/s) in 2011 generate numerous stratospheric arrivals and permit the long‐range detection (i.e., >1000 km). No detections are made in directions opposite the tropospheric and stratospheric wind jets for any of the explosions. Comparison of predicted transmission loss and observed infrasound arrivals gives qualitative agreement. Propagation modeling for the 2011 experiments predicts lower transmission loss in the direction of the downwind propagation compared to the 2009 experiment, consistent with the greater detection distance. Observations also suggest a more northerly component to the stratospheric winds for the 2009 experiment and less upper atmosphere attenuation. The Sayarim infrasound calibration experiments clearly demonstrate the complexity and variability of the atmosphere, and underscore the utility of large‐scale calibration experiments with dense networks for better understanding infrasound propagation and detection. Additionally, they provide a rich data set for future scientific research.

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Seismo-Acoustic Energy Partitioning at Near-Source and Local Distances from the 2011 Sayarim Explosions in the Negev Desert, Israel

Cited by 29 publications

References 31 publications

Partially saturated soil causing significant variability in near surface seismic signals

Partially saturated soil causing significant variability in near surface seismic signals

Partitioning of Seismoacoustic Energy and Estimation of Yield and Height-of-Burst/Depth-of-Burial for Near-Surface Explosions

Overview of the 2009 and 2011 Sayarim Infrasound Calibration Experiments

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