Seizure Disorders

Lahunta, Alexander de; Glass, Eric N.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-6706-5.00018-4

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The life span of dogs with epilepsy is shorter than dogs without epilepsy; antiepileptic medication adverse effects or inadequate seizure control lead to an even shorter life span 4. Although phenobarbital and bromide are common choices for long‐term seizure management in dogs, the failure rate for sole or combination treatment remains 15–30% 5, 6…”

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confidence: 99%

Disposition of Extended Release Levetiracetam in Normal Healthy Dogs After Single Oral Dosing

Boothe

2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundLevetiracetam is an anticonvulsant used for control of canine epilepsy. An extended release preparation should improve dosing convenience.ObjectivesTo determine the disposition of extended release levetiracetam in normal dogs after single dosing.AnimalsPharmacokinetic study: 16 healthy, adult dogs.MethodsUsing a partially randomized crossover study, levetiracetam (30 mg/kg) was administered intravenously (IV) and orally (PO) as extended release preparation with or without food. Blood was collected for 24 hours (IV) or 36 hours (PO). Serum levetiracetam was quantitated by immunoassay and data were subjected to noncompartmental analysis.ResultsPharmacokinetic parameters for fasted versus fed animals, respectively, were (mean ± SEM): C max = 26.6 ± 2.38 and 30.7 ± 2.88 μ/mL, T max = 204.3 ± 18.9 and 393.8 ± 36.6 minutes, t 1/2 = 4.95 ± 0.55 and 4.48 ± 0.48 hours, MRT = 9.8 ± 0.72 and 10 ± 0.64 hours, MAT = 4.7 ± 0.38 and 5.6 ± 0.67 hours, and F = 1.04 ± 0.04 and 1.26 ± 0.07%. Significant differences were limited to T max (longer) and F (greater) in fed compared to fasted animals. Serum levetiracetam concentration remained above 5 μ/mL for approximately 20 hours in both fasted and fed animals.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceExtended release levetiracetam (30 mg/kg q12h), with or without food, should maintain concentrations above the recommended minimum human therapeutic concentration.

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confidence: 99%

Disposition of Extended Release Levetiracetam in Normal Healthy Dogs After Single Oral Dosing

Boothe

2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Two out of the five present calves had laminar cerebrocortical necrosis with degenerated/necrotic neurons in the corpus striatum and hippocampus. Causes of bovine laminar cerebrocortical necrosis include thiamine deficiency, ischemia, sulfur poisoning, lead poisoning and sodium toxicosis [ 7 , 9 ]. Thiamine deficiency is most common, but occurs in calves older than 2 months of age [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histopathological study of encephalomalacia in neonatal calves and application of neuronal and axonal degeneration marker

Koyama

Kangawa

Fukumoto

et al. 2018

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Five calves that had shown neurological symptoms within 9 days after birth were histopathologically diagnosed as encephalomalacia. Two calves showed bilateral laminar cerebrocortical necrosis and neuronal necrosis in the corpus striatum and hippocampus. Since the distributional pattern of the lesions was consistent with that of global ischemia in other species, the lesions were probably hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy consistent with the history of dystocia and perinatal asphyxia. One calf also showed bilateral laminar cerebrocortical necrosis. However, the lesions were chronic ones, because the calf had survived for long time and necropsied at postnatal day 118. Additionally, the lesions did not involve the corpus striatum and hippocampus. The other two calves showed multifocal necrosis with vascular lesions characterized by fibrin thrombi, perivascular edema and perivascular hyaline droplets in the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, thalamus, brain stem and cerebellum. Considering the age of onsets and histopathological appearance, it was possible that latter three calves were also hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy, however, exact cause of them was not revealed. In all calves, degenerated/necrotic neurons showed positive reactions for Fluoro-Jade C and degenerated axons showed immunoreactivity for Alzheimer precursor protein A4. Therefore, these markers were applicable to examination of brain injury in neonatal calves.

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“…6,15 While vomiting of trichobezoars was recorded as a potential adverse effect, there was no way of knowing if this was an effect of PB or coincidental. The cat that was removed from the study after day 3 owing to unacceptable side effects was not evaluated at a lower dosage, as might be done clinically in an epileptic cat.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic serum phenobarbital concentrations obtained using chronic transdermal administration of phenobarbital in healthy cats

Gasper

Heller

Robertson

et al. 2014

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Seizures are a common cause of neurologic disease, and phenobarbital (PB) is the most commonly used antiepileptic drug. Chronic oral dosing can be challenging for cat owners, leading to poor compliance. The purpose of this study was to determine if the transdermal administration of PB could achieve serum PB concentrations of between 15 and 45 μg/ml in healthy cats. Nineteen healthy cats were enrolled in three groups. Transdermal PB in pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO) was applied to the pinnae for 14 days at a dosage of 3 mg/kg q12h in group 1 (n = 6 cats) and 9 mg/kg q12h in group 2 (n = 7 cats). Transdermal PB in Lipoderm Activemax was similarly applied at 9 mg/kg q12h for 14 days in group 3 (n = 6 cats). Steady-state serum PB concentrations were measured at trough, and at 2, 4 and 6 h after the morning dose on day 15. In group 1, median concentrations ranged from 6.0-7.5 μg/ml throughout the day (observed range 0-11 μg/ml). Group 2 median concentrations were 26.0 μg/ml (observed range 18.0-37.0 μg/ml). For group 3, median concentrations ranged from 15.0-17.0 μg/ml throughout the day (range 5-29 μg/ml). Side effects were mild. One cat was withdrawn from group 2 owing to ataxia and sedation. These results show therapeutic serum PB concentrations can be achieved in cats following chronic transdermal administration of PB in PLO at a dosage of 9 mg/kg q12h. More individual variation was noted using Lipoderm Activemax. Transdermal administration may be an alternative for cats that are difficult to medicate orally.

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Seizure Disorders

Cited by 10 publications

References 79 publications

Disposition of Extended Release Levetiracetam in Normal Healthy Dogs After Single Oral Dosing

Disposition of Extended Release Levetiracetam in Normal Healthy Dogs After Single Oral Dosing

Histopathological study of encephalomalacia in neonatal calves and application of neuronal and axonal degeneration marker

Therapeutic serum phenobarbital concentrations obtained using chronic transdermal administration of phenobarbital in healthy cats

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