Selected Aspects of Biofuels Market and the Electromobility Development in Poland: Current Trends and Forecasting Changes

Abstract

This work presents basic information associated with markets of selected alternative fuels used in transport, such as methyl esters, conventional bioethanol and lignocellulosic bioethanol, and the market of electrical vehicles. Legal conditions, which stimulate development and regulate the mode of functioning of the liquid biofuel market until 2020 are discussed, based on provisions of EU directives. Data on biofuel production in Poland are presented, as well as biofuel consumption in the EU, the USA and Brazil in 2017. The most important conclusions of the proposal for a directive on the promotion of renewable energy sources in transport in EU member states in years 2021–2030 are discussed. The authors have also indicated the key legal and territorial conditions associated with the development of electromobility and present basic information on electric vehicles in Poland and Europe. The results of the research on the attractiveness of these sectors in 2018 are presented and compared with the results obtained in years 2007–2017. A score-based sector attractiveness method was used in the research.

Feasibility Assessment of a Bioethanol Plant in the Northern Netherlands

“…Lignocellulose is a natural composition consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The dry weight mainly consists of cellulose, namely 35-50%, a further 20-35% of hemicellulose, and around 10-25% of lignin [29]. Lignocellulosic waste can come from several sources, namely industrial waste (e.g., recycled newspaper, food industry residues, sawdust), agricultural waste (e.g., bagasse, rice straw, corn stover), forestry waste (e.g., wood chips, grasses, hard and softwood), bioenergy crops (e.g., common reeds, switchgrass), and municipal solid waste [30][31][32].…”

Solvothermal-Based Lignin Fractionation From Corn Stover: Process Optimization and Product Characteristics

“…Several processes for utilizing these sustainable materials have been investigated globally ( Ahorsu et al, 2018 ). Lignocellulosic material comprises mainly 35–50 % cellulose, 20–35 % hemicellulose, and 10–25 % lignin ( Kupczyk et al, 2019 ). Lignintraditionally considered a value-added product obtained during the fractionation process ( Schutyser et al, 2018 )—is classified as a three-dimensional amorphous polymer, consisting of p-coumaryl alcohol (4-hydroxycinnamyl), coniferyl alcohol (3-methoxy 4-hydroxycinnamyl), and sinapyl alcohols or 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamyl ( Mathew et al, 2018 ).…”

The Effects of Pressure and Temperature on the Process of Auto-Ignition and Combustion of Rape Oil and Its Mixtures

“…Transport is one of the key sectors of the European economy and a major energy consumer [13,14]. The majority of the energy used in transport comes from conventional fuels [15,16].…”