Selected Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Energy Metabolism Disorders in Neurological Diseases

Abstract

Neurological diseases can be broadly divided according to causal factors into circulatory system disorders leading to ischemic stroke; degeneration of the nerve cells leading to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases, and immune system disorders; bioelectric activity (epileptic) problems; and genetically determined conditions as well as viral and bacterial infections developing inflammation. Regardless of the cause of neurological diseases, they are usually accompanied by disturbances of the central energy in a completely unexplained mechanism. The brain makes up only 2% of the human body’s weight; however, while working, it uses as much as 20% of the energy obtained by the body. The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and regulatory mechanisms in the brain operate to ensure adequate neuronal activity. Therefore, an understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a “neurocentric” view to a more integrated picture involving cooperativity between structural and molecular factors in the central nervous system. This article reviewed selected molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and energy metabolism disorders such as homocysteine, DNA damage such as 8-oxo2dG, genetic variants, and antioxidants such as glutathione in selected neurological diseases including ischemic stroke, AD, PD, and epilepsy. This review summarizes our and others’ recent research on oxidative stress in neurological disorders. In the future, the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases may be substantially improved by identifying specific early markers of metabolic and energy disorders.

Fgf2 and Ptpn11 play a role in cerebral injury caused by sevoflurane anesthesia

“…[ 38 ] Brain injury is often accompanied by neural damage, and elevated Ptpn11 expression may interfere with the processes of neural cell proliferation and differentiation, thus affecting the regeneration and repair of neural cells after brain injury. [ 39 ] Numerous research findings demonstrate the interplay between Fgf2, Ptpn11, and sevoflurane anesthesia-induced brain injury, and their expression levels have a significant impact on the prognosis.…”

Metabolomic discoveries for early diagnosis and traditional Chinese medicine efficacy in ischemic stroke

“…Homocysteine promotes the formation of serine elastase in vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to elastic tissue breakdown through extracellular matrix degradation and reactive oxygen species generation [ 92 ]. Additionally, it activates asymmetric dimethylarginine enzyme, inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and reduces nitric oxide concentration, thereby impairing endothelial cell relaxation ability [ 93 ]. These mechanisms collectively highlight how elevated blood homocysteine levels increase the risk of IS.…”

Gold and Silver Nanoparticles as Biosensors: Characterization of Surface and Changes in the Adsorption of Leucine Dipeptide under the Influence of Substituent Changes

“…Examples of classical biomarkers are blood lactate levels, non-invasive blood glucose levels, pathogens in the blood, and specific molecular changes in cells at the level of DNA, RNA, metabolites, or pro-proteins [55][56][57][58][59]. Biomarkers can diagnose and monitor various diseases (including cancer, metabolic disorders, infections, and central nervous system disorders) during and after treatment [60][61][62]. Certain biomarkers are used in molecular diagnostic tests [63].…”