Selective Colorimetric Determination of Acetaminophen

Chafetz, Lester; Daly, Robert E.; Schriftman, Herbert; Lomner, Joseph J.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600600328

Cited by 56 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Although some reported that the reaction product was a nitro derivative, 17,19 there has been a report mentioning the product being a nitroso derivative. 1 A study on the formation of metal chelates of such a reaction product indicated that the formation of a nitroso derivative of acetaminophen is more probable than the nitro derivative.…”

Section: The Sia-imentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow-Injection and Sequential-Injection Determinations of Paracetamol in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Nitrosation Reaction

et al. 2004

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Paracetamol is an extensive analgesic and antipyretic drug. Several batch methods have been reported for the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations, such as spectrophotometry, 1-6 reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy, 7 chemiluminescence 8 and liquid chromatography. 2 A number of flow-injection (FI) methods have also been reported for the determination of paracetamol, such as FI-spectrophotometry, using different on-line derivatization reactions. However, the control of such reactions and/or manifolds is still complicated. 9-12 Some methods, such as FI-FTIR 13 and FI with a boron-doped diamond thin film electrode, 14 involve relatively higher cost instruments.A further generation of FIA, SIA is a great potential technique for chemical analysis due to much less reagent consumption, its simplicity and convenience with which manipulation can be automated.So far, an SI procedure for paracetamol determination has been reported. It is based on a reaction with hexacyanoferrate(III), followed by a reaction with phenol at elevated temperature in aqueous ammonia. 15 Simple and inexpensive spectrophotometric flow-injection and sequential-injection systems for the determination of paracetamol using simple reagents based on preliminary concepts introduced at the ICFIA 2001 Conference, 16 are presented. The procedures employ the reaction of paracetamol with nitrous acid at room temperature, producing a derivative. Experimental Chemicals and reagentsAll of the reagents used were of analytical reagent grade. Deionized water was used throughout the experiments. A stock solution (5000 mg/l) of 4-acetaminophenol standard (paracetamol, Fluka, Switzerland), which was assayed using the USP method, 18 was prepared by dissolving 0.5146 g of the standard in water and diluting to the mark in a 100 ml volumetric flask. Working standards were freshly prepared by diluting the stock solution with water to obtain appropriate concentrations. Sample preparationSome locally commercial pharmaceutical preparations were taken as samples to be assayed. For tablet samples, 20 tablets were accurately weighed and finely powdered. An amount of the powder equivalent to a tablet was dissolved in water. After stirring for 15 min at a temperature of 60 -70˚C, the volume was made to 250 ml. The solution was then filtered before analysis. Further appropriate dilutions for FIA procedures were made using water.For a syrup sample, an aliquot corresponding to 200 mg of paracetamol was diluted to 100 ml

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Section: The Sia-imentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow-Injection and Sequential-Injection Determinations of Paracetamol in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Nitrosation Reaction

et al. 2004

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“…Salicylamide also interferes (Chafetz et al, 1971) and, although rarely prescribed, it is an ingredient of some proprietary analgesics. Phenacetin also has a slight effect, exhibiting about 5% of the chromogenicity of a solution of paracetamol of the same concentration (w/v) (Chafetz et al, 1971).…”

Section: Nitration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenacetin also has a slight effect, exhibiting about 5% of the chromogenicity of a solution of paracetamol of the same concentration (w/v) (Chafetz et al, 1971). Some sulphonamides potentially interfere, but no problems were encountered with preparations containing sulphamethoxazole (eg, Septrin, Bactrim) and there was no interference from phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone; haemolysed, icteric, and turbid specimens did not lead to appreciable error (Wiener, 1977).…”

Section: Nitration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Methods for Plasma Paracetamol Estimation

Wiener

1978

Ann Clin Biochem

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“…Since then, other spectrophotometric methods for PCT assay in biological fluids have been described. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The majority of published spectrophotometric methods are based on ring-nitration, 23) diazotization, [17][18][19] differential absorbance measurement, 18) direct acid reduction, 21) and oxidative coupling with some phenolic reagent to form an indophenol dye. 24,25) Generally, urinary PCT is not directly assayed, and requires preliminary hydrolysis of PCT to paminophenol (abbreviated as PAP) for final determination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol in Urine with Tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene as a Coupling Reagent and Preconcentration with Triton X-114 Using Cloud Point Extraction

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et al. 2006

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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Paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; abbreviated as PCT) has been widely used as analgesic and antipyretic drug. Paracetamol is a weak acid (pK a ϭ9.5) which is rapidly absorbed and distributed after oral administration and excreted largely in urine: 45-55% as glucuronide conjugates, 20-30% as sulphate, 15-55% as cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates and only 1-5% unchanged.1) Although PCT is usually well tolerated when used at the recommended dose, large doses have been associated with lethal hepatic necrosis and renal failure.2) Various methods have been proposed for the determination of PCT in biological fluids (urine, plasma and serum). Relatively few reports describe high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for the estimation of urine and serum concentrations of PCT using spectrophotometric, 2-10) fluorescence 11) and electrochemical detection.12) Other methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13) capillary electrophoresis (CE), 14) and gas chromatography (GC) 15) have also been reported. There are many reliable methods for assaying urinary PCT levels, but they are often time-consuming, technically demanding, and requires the use of costly, highly specialized instruments.In the first practical spectrophotometric method developed, 16) PCT was extracted with ether and hydrolyzed with acid to p-aminophenol, which was then coupled with phenol in the presence of sodium hypobromite to form an indophenol dye. Since then, other spectrophotometric methods for PCT assay in biological fluids have been described. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The majority of published spectrophotometric methods are based on ring-nitration, 23) diazotization, [17][18][19] differential absorbance measurement, 18) direct acid reduction, 21) and oxidative coupling with some phenolic reagent to form an indophenol dye. 24,25) Generally, urinary PCT is not directly assayed, and requires preliminary hydrolysis of PCT to paminophenol (abbreviated as PAP) for final determination. Urinary screening of PCT is mostly based on acidic [25][26][27][28][29][30] or enzymatic [31][32][33] hydrolysis of PCT to PAP, the latter requiring 17-20 h. In most of the conventional spectrophotometric procedures, the hydrolysis product (PAP) reacts with a special chromogenic reagent in basic medium to form an indophenol blue dye. A number of chromogenic reagents including phenol, 30) o-cresol, 25,26,28) Heirwegh and Fevery,29) in strongly acidic medium, PAP resulting from differential extraction and acid hydrolysis of total PCT in urine is diazotized and the diazonium salt cou- In the present paper, conventional spectrophotometry in conjunction with cloud point extraction-preconcentration were investigated as alternative methods for paracetamol (PCT) assay in urine samples. Cloud point extraction (CPE) was employed for the preconcentration of p-aminophenol (PAP) prior to spectrophotometric determination using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) as an extractant. The developed methods were based on acidic hydrolysis of ...

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Selective Colorimetric Determination of Acetaminophen

Cited by 56 publications

References 5 publications

Flow-Injection and Sequential-Injection Determinations of Paracetamol in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Nitrosation Reaction

Flow-Injection and Sequential-Injection Determinations of Paracetamol in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Nitrosation Reaction

A Review of Methods for Plasma Paracetamol Estimation

Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol in Urine with Tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene as a Coupling Reagent and Preconcentration with Triton X-114 Using Cloud Point Extraction

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