Selective Electrochemical Detection of Pirarubicin by Means of DNA‐modified Graphite Biosensor

Abstract

Pirarubicin (THP) is an anthracycline drug, which is mainly used in the anticancer treatment. Utilization of THP may be associated with many dangerous side effects, therefore monitoring of drug level in patients’ organism is an important aspect of chemotherapy. In our research we focused on designing of an electrochemical DNA‐based biosensor for selective detection of pirarubicin (THP). Our biosensor utilizes the ability of pirarubicin to interact with DNA double helix and the fact that THP is an electrochemically active compound. Graphite electrodes modified with DNA enable to obtain nearly three thousand times higher sensitivity (41.8⋅103 A/M) than non‐modified sensors. Furthermore, in the case of THP detection by means of bare graphite electrodes, LOD was 43.6⋅10−9 M, whereas for developed DNA biosensors ‐112⋅10‐12 M. A study of selectivity of DNA–modified biosensors was carried out in aqueous solutions containing interferents: acetaminophen (PCT) and ascorbic acid (AA) as well as in samples of fetal bovine serum (FBS) spiked with PCT and AA. In established measurement conditions one peak corresponding to THP reduction was observed, whereas no redox peaks assigned to interferents (PCT, AA) were present. These results indicate that developed biosensors are selective to pirarubicin.

Electrochemical DNA Sensors with Layered Polyaniline—DNA Coating for Detection of Specific DNA Interactions

“…Variation of the DNA sequence confirmed preferable binding of doxorubicin to guanine and adenine residues [13]. In some cases, own redox activity of drugs interacting with DNA was monitored [14,15,16]. However, in most cases, oxidation of nucleic bases and cytostatic drugs requires high potential and interferes with antioxidants present in the sample tested or drug medications as stabilizers.…”

Electrochemistry as a Powerful Tool for Investigations of Antineoplastic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

“…[237] AuNPs and/or MWCNTs were also advantageously employed in the preparation of other two relatively complex sensors for reductive detection of daunorubicin [257] and valrubicin [258] (both anthracyclines and related substances). All three relevant pirarubicin (anthracyclines and related substances) sensing protocols are based on the reduction signal, [259][260][261] and the most sensitive determination was performed on "direct writing" carbon electrode modified with dsDNA on which LOD of 112.0 pM was obtained. [261] Determination of bleomycin [262] and mitomycin [263] (both other cytotoxic antibiotics) was carried out on a traditional HMDE.…”

“…All three relevant pirarubicin (anthracyclines and related substances) sensing protocols are based on the reduction signal, [259][260][261] and the most sensitive determination was performed on "direct writing" carbon electrode modified with dsDNA on which LOD of 112.0 pM was obtained. [261] Determination of bleomycin [262] and mitomycin [263] (both other cytotoxic antibiotics) was carried out on a traditional HMDE. In the case of bleomycin, LOD reached a low concentration level of 500.0 pM, and its detection was successfully performed in spiked mouse serum, [262] whereas mitomycin was determined separately as well as in the presence of ANAs, i.e., 5-fluorouracil (belonging to antimetabolites) and cisplatin (belonging to other ANAs), using stripping voltammetry, and the achieved LOD value was 10.0 nM (which makes it so far the best published sensing protocol for mitomycin).…”

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Poly(Azure B)-DNA Composite for Doxorubicin Determination

“…Similar behavior exerts polypyrrole, though its response to biochemical reactions with DNA is milder than that of polyaniline [22]. Appropriate DNA sensors were reported for the determination of anthracyclines [23,24,25,26], salicylates [22], isoproterenol [27], and phenothiazine drugs [18,28]. However, electroconductivity of polyaniline is observed in strongly acidic conditions.…”