Selective loss of lateral geniculate cells in the adult cat after chronic monocular paralysis

Salinger, Walter L.; Schwartz, Mark A.; Wilkerson, Philip R.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90619-9

Cited by 18 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…Other researchers (Brown and Salinger, 1979 ) reported the loss of X-cells in the layers of the adult cat LGN innervated by the immobilized eye following monocular paralysis, showing that adult neural plasticity could also be demonstrated in subcortical sites. A number of other examples of experience-dependent changes in adult visual system followed (e.g., Creutzfeldt and Heggelund, 1975 ; Hoffmann and Cynader, 1977 ; Salinger et al, 1977a , b , 1980a , b ; Berlucchi et al, 1978a , b , c , 1979 ; Hoffmann and Holländer, 1978 ; Garraghty et al, 1982 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Adult neuroplasticity employs developmental mechanisms

Mowery

Garraghty

2023

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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Although neural plasticity is now widely studied, there was a time when the idea of adult plasticity was antithetical to the mainstream. The essential stumbling block arose from the seminal experiments of Hubel and Wiesel who presented convincing evidence that there existed a critical period for plasticity during development after which the brain lost its ability to change in accordance to shifts in sensory input. Despite the zeitgeist that mature brain is relatively immutable to change, there were a number of examples of adult neural plasticity emerging in the scientific literature. Interestingly, some of the earliest of these studies involved visual plasticity in the adult cat. Even earlier, there were reports of what appeared to be functional reorganization in adult rat somatosensory thalamus after dorsal column lesions, a finding that was confirmed and extended with additional experimentation. To demonstrate that these findings reflected more than a response to central injury, and to gain greater control of the extent of the sensory loss, peripheral nerve injuries were used that eliminated ascending sensory information while leaving central pathways intact. Merzenich, Kaas, and colleagues used peripheral nerve transections to reveal unambiguous reorganization in primate somatosensory cortex. Moreover, these same researchers showed that this plasticity proceeded in no less than two stages, one immediate, and one more protracted. These findings were confirmed and extended to more expansive cortical deprivations, and further extended to the thalamus and brainstem. There then began a series of experiments to reveal the physiological, morphological and neurochemical mechanisms that permitted this plasticity. Ultimately, Mowery and colleagues conducted a series of experiments that carefully tracked the levels of expression of several subunits of glutamate (AMPA and NMDA) and GABA (GABAA and GABAB) receptor complexes in primate somatosensory cortex at several time points after peripheral nerve injury. These receptor subunit mapping experiments revealed that membrane expression levels came to reflect those seen in early phases of critical period development. This suggested that under conditions of prolonged sensory deprivation the adult cells were returning to critical period like plastic states, i.e., developmental recapitulation. Here we outline the heuristics that drive this phenomenon.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Adult neuroplasticity employs developmental mechanisms

Mowery

Garraghty

2023

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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The effect of monocular paralysis on the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

1981

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The proportions and some of the properties of X and Y cells in lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of adult cats were measured 14-16 days after monocular paralysis. The paralysis was produced by sectioning cranial nerves III, IV and VI. No difference from normal was observed in the proportions of X and Y cells either in the A layer driven by the paralyzed eye or in the A1 layer driven by the mobile eye. The distribution of latencies to chiasm stimulation and the average visual spatial resolution were within the normal range in both A and A1 layers. These experiments indicate that monocular paralysis in the adult cat does not affect the numbers of X and Y cells in the LGN. However, the averages of cell body size in layers A and A1 contralateral to the immobilized eye were roughly equal, whereas in the normal cat cells in layer A1 are larger than those in layer A.

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The shift in X/Y ratio after chronic monocular paralysis: A binocularly mediated, barbiturate-sensitive effect in the adult lateral geniculate nucleus

et al. 1982

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Adult-onset stimulus modifications, such as monocular paralysis, alter the physiology of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), reducing the encounter rate for X-latency cells in all of the principal layers of both LGNs whether the innervating eye is paralyzed or mobile. These reductions in encounter rate for X-latency cells are confined to those portions of the LGN representing central binocular visual space and are sensitive to the level of anesthesia in that, while these effects are evident in subjects sedated during recording, no such reductions are found when subjects are anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital during recording. Finally, conduction velocity and receptive field classification data from these experiments confirm, as the shifts in OX latency distributions would indicate, that chronic monocular paralysis does have a selective impact upon the recordability of LGN X-cells. These observations together with earlier ones involving monocular paralysis suggest that this adult-onset modification reduces the encounter rate for X-cells by disrupting a binocular mechanism which controls the relative excitability of X- and Y-cells which represent central visual space.

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Selective loss of lateral geniculate cells in the adult cat after chronic monocular paralysis

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Adult neuroplasticity employs developmental mechanisms

Adult neuroplasticity employs developmental mechanisms

The effect of monocular paralysis on the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

The shift in X/Y ratio after chronic monocular paralysis: A binocularly mediated, barbiturate-sensitive effect in the adult lateral geniculate nucleus

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