The shift in X/Y ratio after chronic monocular paralysis: A binocularly mediated, barbiturate-sensitive effect in the adult lateral geniculate nucleus

Garraghty, Preston E.; Salinger, Walter L.; MacAvoy, Martha G.; Schroeder, Charles E.; Guido, William

doi:10.1007/bf00239390

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In addition, response normalization, which is one potential mechanism by which the gain of monocular signals might be adjusted under binocular viewing, is significantly altered by such anesthetic preparations (Vaiceliunaite, Erisken, Franzen, Katzner, & Busse, ). In line with this concern, direct comparison between anesthetized and awake recordings in cat LGN found that the anesthetized state produced significantly different results than the awake state (Garraghty, Salinger, MacAvoy, Schroeder, & Guido, ; Schroeder, Salinger, & Guido, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Binocular response modulation in the lateral geniculate nucleus

Dougherty

Schmid

Maier

2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (LGN) receives the main outputs of both eyes and relays those signals to the visual cortex. Each retina projects to separate layers of the LGN so that each LGN neuron is innervated by a single eye. In line with this anatomical separation, visual responses of almost all of LGN neurons are driven by one eye only. Nonetheless, many LGN neurons are sensitive to what is shown to the other eye as their visual responses differ when both eyes are stimulated compared to when the driving eye is stimulated in isolation. This, predominantly suppressive, binocular modulation of LGN responses might suggest that the LGN is the first location in the primary visual pathway where the outputs from the two eyes interact. Indeed, the LGN features several anatomical structures that would allow for LGN neurons responding to one eye to modulate neurons that respond to the other eye. However, it is also possible that binocular response modulation in the LGN arises indirectly as the LGN also receives input from binocular visual structures. Here we review the extant literature on the effects of binocular stimulation on LGN spiking responses, highlighting findings from cats and primates, and evaluate the neural circuits that might mediate binocular response modulation in the LGN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Binocular response modulation in the lateral geniculate nucleus

Dougherty

Schmid

Maier

2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…The simple passive movement of images across an animal's visual field is a poor substitute for the more active participation reflected by self-generated eye movements, and animals that can move their heads but not their eyes do not develop a normal visual system [Garraghty et al, 1982]. Given that all of the sensory modalities represented in the SC have access to its motor outputs [see Stein and Meredith, 1993], it may be possible for early somatosensory and auditory responsive neurons to play a role in initiating the eye movements that could then set the stage for later visuomotor associations.…”

Section: The Maturation Of Motor Maps In the Scmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of multisensory integration: Transforming sensory input into motor output

Stein

Wallace

Stanford

1999

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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By pooling and integrating signals from different sensory channels, specialized populations of ''multisensory'' neurons not only help to maximize the brain's ability to detect and identify external events, but also help to initiate reactions to them. Although multisensory neurons are found in many areas of the brain, those in the midbrain (i.e., superior colliculus, SC) have been studied most extensively and have served as a model for understanding some of the neural operating principles of multisensory integration, as well as the impact of these processes on overt attentive and orientation behaviors. However, this capability is not hard-wired at birth. Very young SC neurons are responsive only to unimodal inputs; it is not until many days later that some of them begin to respond to inputs from more than a single sensory modality, and even then they are not yet capable of integrating these inputs to produce the synthesized multisensory signals that characterize the normal adult. The most significant occurrence to precede this maturational change is the appearance of influences from association regions of the neocortex. These influences appear abruptly on any given individual neuron, but because different neurons are targeted at different times during development, it takes many weeks before the mature complement of such neurons is achieved. It is likely that the maturational timing of the interplay between the cortex and SC determines not only the kinds of multisensory information that can be integrated in SC neurons, but the kinds of multisensory behaviors that SC neurons are able to mediate at different stages of development.1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…Other researchers (Brown and Salinger, 1979) reported the loss of X-cells in the layers of the adult cat LGN innervated by the immobilized eye following monocular paralysis, showing that adult neural plasticity could also be demonstrated in subcortical sites. A number of other examples of experience-dependent changes in adult visual system followed (e.g., Creutzfeldt and Heggelund, 1975;Hoffmann and Cynader, 1977;Salinger et al, 1977aSalinger et al, ,b, 1980aBerlucchi et al, 1978aBerlucchi et al, ,b,c, 1979Hoffmann and Holländer, 1978;Garraghty et al, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Adult neuroplasticity employs developmental mechanisms

Mowery

Garraghty

2023

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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Although neural plasticity is now widely studied, there was a time when the idea of adult plasticity was antithetical to the mainstream. The essential stumbling block arose from the seminal experiments of Hubel and Wiesel who presented convincing evidence that there existed a critical period for plasticity during development after which the brain lost its ability to change in accordance to shifts in sensory input. Despite the zeitgeist that mature brain is relatively immutable to change, there were a number of examples of adult neural plasticity emerging in the scientific literature. Interestingly, some of the earliest of these studies involved visual plasticity in the adult cat. Even earlier, there were reports of what appeared to be functional reorganization in adult rat somatosensory thalamus after dorsal column lesions, a finding that was confirmed and extended with additional experimentation. To demonstrate that these findings reflected more than a response to central injury, and to gain greater control of the extent of the sensory loss, peripheral nerve injuries were used that eliminated ascending sensory information while leaving central pathways intact. Merzenich, Kaas, and colleagues used peripheral nerve transections to reveal unambiguous reorganization in primate somatosensory cortex. Moreover, these same researchers showed that this plasticity proceeded in no less than two stages, one immediate, and one more protracted. These findings were confirmed and extended to more expansive cortical deprivations, and further extended to the thalamus and brainstem. There then began a series of experiments to reveal the physiological, morphological and neurochemical mechanisms that permitted this plasticity. Ultimately, Mowery and colleagues conducted a series of experiments that carefully tracked the levels of expression of several subunits of glutamate (AMPA and NMDA) and GABA (GABAA and GABAB) receptor complexes in primate somatosensory cortex at several time points after peripheral nerve injury. These receptor subunit mapping experiments revealed that membrane expression levels came to reflect those seen in early phases of critical period development. This suggested that under conditions of prolonged sensory deprivation the adult cells were returning to critical period like plastic states, i.e., developmental recapitulation. Here we outline the heuristics that drive this phenomenon.

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The shift in X/Y ratio after chronic monocular paralysis: A binocularly mediated, barbiturate-sensitive effect in the adult lateral geniculate nucleus

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Binocular response modulation in the lateral geniculate nucleus

Binocular response modulation in the lateral geniculate nucleus

Development of multisensory integration: Transforming sensory input into motor output

Adult neuroplasticity employs developmental mechanisms

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