Selective, reliable blood and milk bio-markers for diagnosing clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis

Abstract

Mastitis is positioned as the most vital ailment in dairy cows in light of conventional cost examinations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of different acute phase proteins (APPs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy cows and in those with clinical or subclinical mastitis and to localize APP gene expression in the milk of mastitic cows. Therefore, 20 subclinical mastitic cows with positive California Mastitis Test (CMT) results and no clinical signs of mastitis, 15 clinically mastitic cows, and 15 healthy cows with negative CMT results and somatic cell count (SCC) of <600,000 cells/mL were selected. Milk and blood samples were collected. The present findings indicate that the biochemical parameters examined were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in cows with both types of mastitis, except for total protein, albumin, and GSH levels and the TAC, which were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, compared with values in the controls. Surprisingly, SAA and Hp gene expression were up-regulated in milk from cows with both forms of mastitis, while Fb expression was absent. The present study demonstrates that APPs, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and indicators of oxidative stress may serve as biomarkers of clinical and subclinical mastitis. Interestingly, the expression of SAA and Hp indicates the local de novo synthesis of these APPs within the mammary glands. Furthermore, the presence of SAA and Hp transcripts in milk cells derived from pathogen-free mammary glands proved their constitutive expression. However, future studies with more extensive baseline sampling are still needed to establish and validate the reference values for APPs, cytokines, and oxidative stress markers in cows.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of porcine peripheral blood reveals differentially expressed genes from the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway related to health status

“…Alterations in the serum level of cytokines, the key mediators of inflammation and immune-mediated diseases, have been found to be closely associated with various diseases. For example, significantly elevated serum levels of cytokines were observed in bovine with clinical and subclinical mastitis (including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) (Sadek et al 2017) as well as in rabbits infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (including vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, IL-17A, and IL-18) (Dehnad et al 2016). Significant down-regulation of serum IL-7 was identified in acute human cholangitis (Suwa et al 2017), and substantial increase in plasma IL-6 level was observed in mice infected with influenza A virus (Chockalingam et al 2016) as well as in human patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Kato et al 2015).…”

Therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mastitis experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats

“…Wellnitz et al (2016) found that pathogens such as E. coli had a great effect on the blood-milk barrier and a large amount of blood proteins were transferred into milk. Serum albumin has been suggested as a marker for infection and for estimating transfer of proteins implicated in the udder defense (Tothova et al, 2014;Wall et al, 2015;Sadek et al, 2017). Decreased blood WBC, NEU, LYM, TP, ALB, and GLOB observed in our study ( Figure 5) may be attributed to the increased permeability of the bloodmilk barrier in the udder of goats challenged with LPS.…”

S100 calcium‐binding protein A12 as a diagnostic index for subclinical mastitis in cows

“…The evaluation of diagnostic biomarkers of SCM has attracted great attention in recent years. A large amount of evidence indicates that some inflammatory markers, such as bovine serum albumin, haptoglobin, N-acetyl-β-dglucosaminidase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum amyloid protein or S100A12, are potential markers to detect cows with inflammation yet to be demonstrated (Chagunda, Friggens, Rasmussen, & Larsen, 2006;He et al, 2015;Sadek, Saleh, & Ayoub, 2017).…”